Chapter 6

Chapter 6 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 299) 4. An altitude of a triangle is the perpendicular segment from
1. Slope perpendicular to y =
1
—3 x − 5 is −3. a vertex to the opposite side or to the line that contains the
opposite side.
y = mx + b
y = −3x + b 5. A midsegment of a triangle is a segment that connects the

⋅
1 = −3 3 + b midpoints of two sides of the triangle.
1 = −9 + b
6.1 Explorations (p. 301)
10 = b
1. a. Check students’ work.
An equation of the line is y = −3x + 10.
b. Check students’ work.
2. Slope perpendicular to y = −x − 5 is 1. c. Check students’ work (for sample in text, CA ≈ 1.97,
— and CB
CB ≈ 1.97); For all locations of C, CA — have the
y = mx + b
same measure.
y=x+b
d. Every point on the perpendicular bisector of a segment is
⋅
−3 = 1 4 + b equidistant from the endpoints of the segment.
−3 = 4 + b
−7 = b 2. a. Check students’ work.

An equation of the line is y = x − 7. b. Check students’ work.

c. Check students’ work (for sample in text, DE ≈ 1.24,
1
3. Slope perpendicular to y = −4x + 13 is —4 . DF ≈ 1.24); For all locations of D on the angle bisector,
y = mx + b
— and FD
ED — have the same measure.
1
y = —x + b d. Every point on an angle bisector is equidistant from both
4 sides of the angle.
1
⋅
−2 = — (−1) + b
4 3. Any point on the perpendicular bisector of a segment is
1
−2 = −— + b equidistant from the endpoints of the segment. Any point on
4 the angle bisector is equidistant from the sides of the angle.
1
4( )
4(−2) = 4 −— + 4b
4. The distance point D is from ⃗
AB is 5 units, which is the same
−8 = −1 + 4b as the distance D is from ⃗
AC. Point D is in the angle bisector,
−7 = 4b so it is equidistant from either side of the angle. Therefore,
−7 — ≅ DF
DE —.
—=b
4
An equation of the line is y = —14x − —74 . 6.1 Monitoring Progress (pp. 303–305)
4. w ≥ −3 and w ≤ 8, or −3 ≤ w ≤ 8 1. WZ = YZ
WZ = 13.75
5. m > 0 and m < 11, or 0 < m < 11 By the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem, WZ = 13.75.
6. s ≤ 5 or s > 2 2. WZ = YZ
7. d < 12 or d ≥ −7 4n − 13 = n + 17
3n = 30
8. yes; As with Exercises 6 and 7, if the graphs of the two
n = 10
inequalities overlap going in opposite directions and the variable
only has to make one or the other true, then every number on YZ = n + 17
the number line makes the compound inequality true. YZ = 10 + 17
YZ = 27
Chapter 6 Mathematical Practices (p. 300)
By the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem, YZ = 27.
1. A perpendicular bisector is perpendicular to a side of the
triangle at its midpoint. 1
3. WX = —2 WY

2. An angle bisector divides an angle of the triangle into two WX = —12 (14.8)
congruent adjacent angles. WX = 7.4
3. A median of a triangle is a segment from a vertex to the 4. DA = 6.9 by the Angle Bisector Theorem.
midpoint of the opposite side.

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Chapter 6

5. AD = CD — —
6. UW = 55; Because VD ≅ WD and ⃖⃗
—
UX ⊥ VW , point U
—
is on the perpendicular bisector of VW . So, by the
3z + 7 = 2z + 11
z + 7 = 11 Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1), VU = WU.
z=4 VU = UW

⋅
CD = 2z + 11 = 2 4 + 11 = 8 + 11 = 19 9x + 1 = 7x + 13
2x = 12
6. Because AD = CD, ⃗
BD is the angle bisector of ∠ ABC and
x=6
m∠ ABC = 2m∠ CBD. Therefore, m∠ ABC = 2(39) = 78°.

7. no; In order to use the Converse of the Angle Bisector

⋅
UW = 7 6 + 13 = 55
— would have to be perpendicular
Theorem (Thm. 6.4), PS 7. yes; Because point N is equidistant from L and M, point N is
to ⃗ —
QP, and RS would have to be perpendicular to ⃗
QR.
— by the Converse of the
on the perpendicular bisector of LM
Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.2). Because only
−1 − (−5) −1 + 5 4 — at point K, ⃗
one line can be perpendicular to LM NK must be
8. Slope: m = — = — = — = 1
3 − (−1) 3+1 4 —
the perpendicular bisector of LM , and P is on ⃗
NK.
The slope of the perpendicular line is m = −1.
8. no; You would need to know that either LN = MN or
−1 + 3 −5 + (−1) 2 −6
2 (
midpoint = —, — = —, — = (1, −3)
2 2 2 ) ( ) LP = MP.
y = mx + b
9. no; You would need to know that ⃖⃗
PN ⊥ ⃖⃗
ML.
⋅
y = −1 x + b
⋅
−3 = −1 (1) + b 10. yes; Because point P is equidistant from L and M, point P is
— by the Converse of the
on the perpendicular bisector of LM
−3 = −1 + b
Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.2). Also, LN — ≅ MN
—,
−2 = b so ⃗ —
PN is a bisector of LM . Because P can only be on one of
So, an equation of the perpendicular bisector is y = −x − 2. the bisectors, ⃗ —.
PN is the perpendicular bisector of LM

6.1 Exercises (pp. 306–308) BC and ⃗

11. Because D is equidistant from ⃗ BA, ⃗
BD bisects
∠ ABC by the Converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check (Thm. 6.4). So, m∠ ABD = m∠ CBD = 20°.
1. Point C is in the interior of ∠DEF. If ∠DEC and ∠CEF are
12. ⃗
—
QS is an angle bisector of ∠ PQR, PS ⊥ ⃗ —
QP, and SR ⊥ ⃗
⃗ is the bisector of ∠DEF.
congruent, then EC QR.
So, by the Angle Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.3), PS = RS = 12.
2. The question that is different is: Is point B collinear with
X and Z? B is not collinear with X and Z. Because the two 13. ⃗
JL bisects ∠ KJM. Angle Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.3)
segments containing points X and Z are congruent, B is the m∠ KJL = m∠ MJK Definition of angle bisector
same distance from both X and Z, point B is equidistant from 7x = 3x + 16
—.
X and Z, and point B is in the perpendicular bisector of XZ
4x = 16
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics x=4
HK ⊥ ⃖⃗
3. GH = 4.6; Because GK = KJ and ⃖⃗ GJ , point H is on
—. So, by the Perpendicular ⋅
m∠ KJL = 7x = 7 4 = 28°
the perpendicular bisector of GJ
Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1), GH = HJ = 4.6.
⃗ bisects ∠ FEH.
14. EG Angle Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.3)
FG = GH Converse of the Angle Bisector
4. QR = 1.3; Because point T is equidistant from Q and S,
— by the
point T is on the perpendicular bisector of QS
Theorem (Thm. 6.4)
x + 11 = 3x + 1
Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.2).
−2x = −10
So, by definition of segment bisector, QR = RS = 1.3.
x=5
DB ⊥ ⃖⃗
5. AB = 15; Because ⃖⃗ AC and point D is equidistant from FG = 5 + 11 = 16
— by the
A and C, point D is on the perpendicular bisector of AC
Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.2). EF and ⃗
15. yes; Because H is equidistant from ⃗ ⃗ bisects
EG, EH
By definition of segment bisector, AB = BC. ∠ FEG by the Angle Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.3).
AB = BC
EF and ⃗
16. no; Congruent segments connect H to both ⃗ EG, but
5x = 4x + 3
EF and ⃗
unless those segments are also perpendicular to ⃗ EG,
x=3 EF and ⃗
you cannot conclude that H is equidistant from ⃗ EG.
⋅
AB = 5 3 = 15

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Chapter 6
— —
17. no; Because neither BD nor DC are marked as perpendicular
— 1 − (−7)
22. Slope of YZ : m = — = — = −—
8 4
−4 − 10 −14 7
to ⃗
AB or ⃗
AC respectively, you cannot conclude that DB = DC.
The slope of the perpendicular line is m = —74.
—
18. yes; D is on the angle bisector of ∠ BAC, DB ⊥ ⃗ —= —
10 + (−4) −7 + 1 6 −6
— ⊥ ⃗
CD
AB and
AC. So, DB = DC by the Angle Bisector Theorem
midpoint of YZ (
2 2 2 2 ) (
, — = —, — = (3, −3) )
(Thm. 6.3). y = mx + b
— −1 − 5
19. Slope of MN : m = — = — = −1
−6 7
y = —x + b
7−1 6 4
The slope of the perpendicular line is m = 1.
7
⋅
−3 = — 3 + b
4
1 + 7 5 + (−1)
2 ( 2
8 4
midpoint = —, — = —, — = (4, 2)
2 2 ) ( ) 21
−3 = — + b
4
y = mx + b −12 = 21 + 4b
y=1 x+b⋅ −33 = 4b
⋅
2 = 1 (4) + b 33
−— = b
2=4+b 4
— is
An equation of the perpendicular bisector of YZ
−2 = b
— is y = x − 2.
An equation of the perpendicular bisector of MN
7 33
y = —4 x − —4
.

— —
23. Because DC is not necessarily congruent to EC , ⃖⃗
AB will
— 12 − 0
20. Slope of QR : m = — = — = —
12 3
not necessarily pass through point C. The reasoning
6 − (−2) 8 2
2 should be: Because AD = AE, and ⃖⃗ —, ⃖⃗
AB ⊥ DE AB is the
The slope of the perpendicular line is m = −—3. —
perpendicular bisector of DE .
—= —−2 + 6 0 + 12
midpoint of QR
2 ( 2
4 12
, — = —, — = (2, 6)
2 2 ) ( ) —
24. Because BP is not necessarily perpendicular to ⃗
CB, you
y = mx + b do not have sufficient evidence to say that BP = AP. The
2 reasoning should be: By the Angle Bisector Theorem
y = −—x + b
3 CB and ⃗
(Thm. 6.3), point P is equidistant from ⃗ CA.

⋅
2
6 = −— (2) + b
3 25. The Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1) will allow
4 — ≅ CD
the conclusion AD —.
6 = −— + b
3
18 = −4 + 3b 26. a. The relationship between ⃗
PG and ∠ APB is that ⃗
PG is the
22 = 3b angle bisector of ∠ APB.
b. m∠ APB gets larger. Covering the goal becomes more
22
—=b difficult if the goalie remains at the same distance from
3
22 the puck on the perpendicular bisector. As the angle
b=— increases, the goalie is farther away from each side of
3
— is
An equation of the perpendicular bisector of QR the angle.
2 22
y = −—3x + —3
. — 1
27. Draw XY , using a radius that is greater than —2 the distance
—
of XY . Draw two arcs of equal radii, using X and Y as
— 8−4
21. Slope of UV : m = — = — = —
4 1
centers, so that the arcs intersect. Draw a line through both
9 − (−3) 12 3
3
intersections of the arcs.
The slope of the perpendicular line is m = −—1 = −3.
Set a compass at 3 centimeters Z
—= −3 + 9 4 + 8
midpoint of UV ( 2 2
6 12
2 2 ) ( )
—, — = —, — = (3, 6)
by its own scale or with a ruler.
Retaining this setting, place the 3.9 cm
3 cm
3.9 cm
y = mx + b compass point on the midpoint
— and mark the point on
of XY
y = −3x + b
⋅
6 = −3 3 + b
the perpendicular bisector as
point Z. The distance between
X 2.5 cm 2.5 cm Y

6 = −9 + b — is 3 centimeters
point Z and XY
15 = b because of the compass setting
— is
An equation of the perpendicular bisector of UV and in this example, XZ and YZ are both equal to
y = −3x + 15. 3.9 centimeters. This construction demonstrates the
Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1).

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Chapter 6
28. Because every point on a compass arc is the same distance STATEMENTS REASONS
from one endpoint, and every point on the other compass
arc with the same setting is the same distance from the other 1. ⃗
AD bisects ∠ BAC. 1. Given
endpoint, the line connecting the points where these arcs 2. ∠ BAD ≅ ∠ CAD 2. Definition of angle
intersect contains the points that are equidistant from both bisector
endpoints. You know from the Converse of the Perpendicular
Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.2) that the set of points that are — ⊥ ⃗
3. DB — ⊥ ⃗
AB, DC AC 3. Given
equidistant from both endpoints make up the perpendicular
bisector of the given segment. 4. ∠ABD and ∠ACD are 4. Definition of
right angles. perpendicular lines
29. B; (3x − 9)° = 45°
5. ∠ABD ≅ ∠ACD 5. Right Angles Congruence
3x = 54 Theorem (Thm. 2.3)
x = 18
6. —
AD ≅ —
AD 6. Reflexive Property of
—
30. B; Slope of MN :
5−5
m=—=—=0
0 Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
−1 − 7 −8
The slope of the perpendicular line is undefined. 7. △ADB ≅ △ADC 7. AAS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.11)
—= — 7 + (−1) 5 + 5
midpoint of MN ( 2 2 ) ( ) 6 10
, — = —, — = (3, 5)
2 2 8. —
DB ≅ —
DC 8. Corresponding parts of
The equation of a line that has a slope that is undefined congruent triangles are
through the point (3, 5) is x = 3. So, the point that lies on the congruent.
perpendicular bisector is (3, 9).
9. DB = DC 9. Definition of congruent
31. no; In isosceles triangles, for example, the ray that has an
segments
endpoint of the vertex and passes through the base (the
opposite side of the vertex) is not only an angle bisector of B
the vertex, but also a perpendicular bisector of the base. b. Given BD = CD,
— ⊥ ⃗
DB AB,
32. Given CA = CB — ⊥ ⃗
DC AC
—. A
D
Prove Point C lies on the perpendicular bisector of AB Prove ⃗
AD bisects ∠ BAC.
C
C

STATEMENTS REASONS
1. BD = CD, —DB ⊥ ⃗
AB, 1. Given
A P B —
DC ⊥ ⃗
AC
Given isosceles △ACB, construct CP ⃖⃗ such that point P is on 2. ∠ ABD and ∠ ACD
— and CP
AB —. So, ∠ CPB and ∠ CPA are right angles by
⃖⃗ ⊥ AB
2. Definition of
are right angles. perpendicular lines
the definition of perpendicular lines, and △CPB and △CPA
— ≅ BC
are right triangles. Also, because AC — and CP — ≅ CP — 3. △ABD and △ACD 3. Definition of a right
by the Reflexive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1), are right triangles. triangle

4. —
BD ≅ —
△CPB ≅ △CPA by the HL Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.9).
— ≅ BP
So, AP — because corresponding parts of congruent CD 4. Definition of congruent
triangles are congruent, which means that point P is the segments
—, and ⃖⃗ —.
midpoint of AB CP is the perpendicular bisector of AB 5. —
AD ≅ —
AD 5. Reflexive Property of
33. a. Given AD — ⊥ ⃗
⃗ bisects ∠ BAC, DB — ⊥ ⃗
AB, DC AC
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)

Prove DB = DC 6. △ABD ≅ △ACD 6. HL Congruence Theorem

(Thm. 5.9)
B
7. ∠ BAD ≅ ∠ CAD 7. Corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are
D
A congruent.

8. ⃗
AD bisects ∠ BAC. 8. Definition of angle
bisector
C

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Chapter 6
34. a. Roosevelt School; Because the corner of Main and
— —
c. First, WV ≅ WV by the Reflexive Property of Congruence
3rd Street is exactly 2 blocks of the same length from each — ≅ ZW
(Thm. 2.1). Then, because XW — and XV
— ≅ ZV
—,
hospital, and the two streets are perpendicular, 3rd Street △WVX ≅ △WVZ by the SSS Congruence Theorem
is the perpendicular bisector of the segment that connects (Thm. 5.8). So, ∠ VXW ≅ ∠ VZW because corresponding
the two hospitals. Because Roosevelt school is on 3rd parts of congruent triangles are congruent.
Street, it is the same distance from both hospitals by the
Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1). Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
b. no; Because the corner of Maple and 2nd Street is 39. The triangle is isosceles because it has two congruent sides.
approximately the midpoint of the segment that connects
Wilson School to Roosevelt School, and 2nd Street is 40. The triangle is scalene because no sides are congruent.
perpendicular to Maple, 2nd Street is the perpendicular
41. The triangle is equilateral because all sides are congruent.
bisector of the segment connecting Wilson and Roosevelt
Schools. By the contrapositive of the Converse of the 42. The triangle is an acute triangle because all angles measure
Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.2), the Museum less than 90°.
is not equidistant from the two schools because it is not on
2nd Street. 43. The triangle is a right triangle because one angle measures 90°.

35. a. y = x b. y = −x c. y = ∣ x ∣ 44. The triangle is obtuse because one angle measure is greater
than 90°.
36. no; In spherical geometry, all intersecting lines meet in two
points which are equidistant from each other because they 6.2 Explorations (p. 309)
are the two endpoints of a diameter of the circle.
1. a–c. Sample answer:
37. Given
— ≅ CD
AD — and AE
— ≅ CE
—
— —
5

Prove AB ≅ CB 4 B

3
A
2
D
1
D B A
E 0 C
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

C −1

— ≅ CD
Because AD — and AE
— ≅ CE —, by the Converse of the −2

−3
Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.2), both points
—. So, ⃖⃗
D and E are on the perpendicular bisector of AC DE is a. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of △ABC all
— — —, then by the
the perpendicular bisector of AC . So, if AB ≅ CB intersect at one point.
Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.2), c. The circle passes through all three vertices of △ABC.
point B is also on ⃖⃗
DE. So, points D, E, and B are collinear.
Conversely, if points D, E, and B are collinear, then by the 2. a–c. Sample answer:
Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.2), point B is also
—. So, AB
on the perpendicular bisector of AC — ≅ CB—. 5

A 4
E
B
38. Given
— at point Y.
Plane P is a perpendicular bisector of XZ 3

Prove —
a. XW ≅ ZW
— — —
b. XV ≅ ZV c. ∠ VZW ≅ ∠ VZW 2 D
1
X 0
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
V P −1
Y
W −2 C
−3
Z
—
a. Because YW is on plane P, and plane P is a perpendicular
a. The angle bisectors all intersect at one point.
— at point Y, YW
bisector of XZ — is a perpendicular bisector of c. distance ≈ 2.06; The circle passes through exactly one
—
XZ by definition of a plane perpendicular to a line. So, by point of each side of △ABC.
the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1), XW— ≅ ZW —. 3. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle meet
— at a point that is the same distance from each vertex of the
b. Because YV is on plane P, and plane P is a perpendicular
— at point Y, YV
bisector of XZ — is a perpendicular bisector of triangle. The angle bisectors of a triangle meet at a point that
—
XZ by definition of a plane perpendicular to a line. So, by is the same distance from each side of the triangle.
the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1), XV— ≅ ZV—.

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Chapter 6
6.2 Monitoring Progress (pp. 311–314) 4. QM = QN
1. The pretzel distributor is located at point F, which is the 3x + 8 = 7x + 2
circumcenter of △ABE.
−4x = −6
B x = —46 = —23
⋅
QM = 3x + 8 = 3 —32 + 8 = —92 + 8 = 4.5 + 8 = 12.5

F
QN = 7x + 2 = 7 ⋅ ( — ) + 2 = — + 2 = 10.5 + 2 = 12.5
3
2
21
2
By the Incenter Theorem, QM = QN = QP and
A E
QP = 12.5 units.
2. Graph △RST.
5. Draw two angle bisectors and label the intersection of the
y
6 bisectors, the incenter, as L. Draw a perpendicular segment
S(−6, 5) R(−2, 5)
from the incenter L to any one side of the triangle. Label that
4 point E. Draw a circle with center L and radius LE. It should
(−4, 2) touch all sides of the triangle. The ___location of the lamppost is
at L.
y=2
−6 x
x = −4 T(−2, −1)

—= — −2 + (−6) 5 + 5 −8 10
midpoint of RS
2( 2 2 2 ) ( )
, — = —, — = (−4, 5)
L

— = —, — = —
−2 + + −4 4
midpoint of RT
2 (
(−2) 5
2
(−1)
2 2 ) ( )
, — = (−2, 2)
E
—
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of RS through
its midpoint (−4, 5) is x = −4, and the equation of the
perpendicular bisector of RT — through its midpoint (−2, 2) is 6.2 Exercises (pp. 315–318)
y = 2. The point of intersection of the two perpendicular Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
bisectors is (−4, 2). So, the coordinates of the circumcenter 1. When three or more lines, rays, or segments intersect in
of △RST is (−4, 2). the same point, they are called concurrent lines, rays, or
segments.
3. Graph △WXY.

W(−1, 4) y X(1, 4) 2. The triangle that does not belong is the fourth triangle
because it shows the incenter of the triangle. The other three
show the circumcenter.

−4 −2 2 4 x
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
(0, −1) 3. Because G is the circumcenter of △ABC, AG = BG = CG.
y = −1
Therefore, because AG = 9, BG = 9.
−4
x=0 4. Because G is the circumcenter of △ABC, AG = BG = CG.
−6
Y(1, −6) Therefore, because GC = 11, GA = 11.

—= — −1 + 1 4 + 4
midpoint of WX
2 ( 2
0 8
, — = —, — = (0, 4)
2 2 ) ( ) 5. Because P is the incenter of △XYZ, PA = PB = PC.
Therefore, because PC = 9, PB = 9.
—= — 1 + 1 4 + (−6) 2 −2
midpoint of XY
2 (
, — = —, — = (1, −1)
2 2 2 ) ( ) 6. Because P is the incenter of △XYZ, KP = HP = FP.
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of WX— through its Therefore, because KP = 15, HP = 15.
midpoint (0, 4) is x = 0, and the equation of the perpendicular
— through its midpoint (1, −1) is y = −1. The
bisector of XY
point of intersection of the two perpendicular bisectors is
(0, −1). So, the coordinates of the circumcenter of △WXY
are (0, −1).

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Chapter 6

7. Graph △ABC. 9. Graph △HJK.

y y
x=5
12
C(8, 10)
H(−10, 7) 8
(5, 8)

4
A(2, 6) B(8, 6) K(−2, 3)
4
y=8
−12 4 x
4 8 12 x
J(−6, 3) −4

—= — 2+8 6+6
midpoint of AB
2 2( 10 12
, — = —, — = (5, 6)
2 2 ) ( ) 7−3
Slope of JH: m = —— = — = −1
−10 − (−6) −4
4

— = —, — = —
+ + — is m = 1.
midpoint of BC
8
2
8 6
(
2
10 16 16
2 2 ) ( )
, — = (8, 8) The slope of the line perpendicular to JH
— = ——
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB — through midpoint of JH
−10 + (−6) 7 + 3
( ,— )
2 2
its midpoint (5, 6) is x = 5, and the equation of the
— through its midpoint (8, 8) is −16 10
perpendicular bisector of BC
y = 8. The point of intersection of the two perpendicular
2 2 (
= —, — = (−8, 5) )
bisectors is (5, 8). So, the coordinates of the circumcenter of y = mx + b
△ABC are (5, 8). ⋅
5 = 1 (−8) + b
5 = −8 + b
8. Graph △DEF.
13 = b
y
— is y = x + 13.
The equation of the line perpendicular to JH
D(−7, −1)
−8 4 x —: m = ——
Slope of HK
7−3 4
= — = −—
1
E(−1, −1)
−4 −10 − (−2) −8 2
— is m = 2.
The slope of the line perpendicular to HK
y = −5
— = ——
−10 + (−2) 7 + 3
F(−7, −9)
x = −4 −12
(−4, −5) midpoint of HK
2 ( ,—
2 )
−12 10
—= — −7 + (−1) −1 + (−1) 2 2 (
= —, — = (−6, 5) )
midpoint of DE
2
,—( 2 ) y = mx + b
−8 −2
= —, — = (−4, −1) ( ) ⋅
5 = 2 (−6) + b
2 2 5 = −12 + b
— −7 + (−7) −1 + (−9)
midpoint of DF = —, —
2 ( 2 ) 17 = b
— is y = 2x + 17.
The equation of the line perpendicular to HK
−14 −10
= —, — = (−7, −5)
2 2 ( ) —= —
midpoint of JK
−6 + (−2) 3 + 3
( ,— )
— through
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of DE
2 2
−8 6
its midpoint (−4, −1) is x = −4, and the equation of
— through its midpoint (
= —, — = (−4, 3)
2 2 )
the perpendicular bisector of DF
— through its
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of JK
(−7, −5) is y = −5. The point of intersection of the two
perpendicular bisectors is (−4, −5). So, the coordinates of midpoint (−4, 3) is x = −4.
the circumcenter of △DEF are (−4, −5). The intersection of y = x + 13 and x = −4:
y = −4 + 13 = 9, the point of intersection is (−4, 9).
The intersection of y = 2x + 17 and x = −4:
y = 2(−4) + 17 = 9, the point of intersection is (−4, 9).
So, the coordinates of the circumcenter of △HJK are (−4, 9).

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Chapter 6

10. Graph △LMN. 11. ND = NE

y 6x − 2 = 3x + 7
3x = 9
2 4 6 8 x

−2
N(8, −6) x = —93 = 3
M(5, −3)
−4 ⋅
ND = 6x − 2 = 6 3 − 2 = 18 − 2 = 16

−6
⋅
NE = 3x + 7 = 3 3 + 7 = 16
L(3, −6) By the Incenter Theorem, ND = NE = NF and NF = 16 units.

NG = NH
—: m = —
Slope of LM
−3 − (−6) −3 + 6 3
=—=—
12.
5−3 2 2 x + 3 = 2x − 3
— 2
The slope of the line perpendicular to LM is m = −—3 . −x = −6
—= 3 + 5 −6 + (−3) x=6
midpoint of LM —, —
2 (
2 ) NG = x + 3 = 6 + 3 = 9
8 9
(
= —, −— = (4, −4.5)
2 2 ) ⋅
NH = 2x − 3 = 2 6 − 3 = 12 − 3 = 9
y = mx + b By the Incenter Theorem, NG = NH = NJ and NJ = 9 units.

⋅
9 2
−— = −— 4 + b
2 3 13. NK = NL
9 8 2x − 2 = −x + 10
−— = −— + b
2 3
3x = 12
( ) ( )
9 8
6 −— = 6 −— + 6 b
2 3 ⋅ x=4
−27 = −16 + 6b
−11 = 6b
⋅
NK = 2x − 2 = 2 4 − 2 = 8 − 2 = 6
NL = −x + 10 = −4 + 10 = 6
11
−— = b By the Incenter Theorem, NK = NL = NM and NM = 6 units.
6
— is y = −—2x − —
The equation of the line perpendicular to LM 11
3 6
. 14. NQ = NR
—:
Slope of MN
−6 − (−3) −6 + 3 −3
m = — = — = — = −1 2x = 3x − 2
8−5 3 3
— is m = 1.
The slope of the line perpendicular to MN
−1x = −2
x=2
—= —
midpoint of MN
5 + 8 −3 + (−6)
2 (
, — = —, −—
2
13 9
2 2 ) ( ) ⋅
NQ = 2x = 2 2 = 4
y = mx + b
9 13
⋅
NR = 3x − 2 = 3 2 − 2 = 6 − 2 = 4
−— = — + b By the Incenter Theorem, NQ = NR = NS and NS = 4 units.
2 2
( ) ( )
9
2
13
2 −— = 2 — + 2b
2
15. PX = PY
3x + 2 = 4x − 8
−9 = 13 + 2b
−1x = −10
−22 = 2b
x = 10
−11 = b
— is y = x − 11.
The equation of the line perpendicular to MN ⋅
PX = 3x + 2 = 3 10 + 2 = 30 + 2 = 32

—: m = —
Slope of LN
−6 − (−6) −6 + 6 0
=—=—=0
⋅
PY = 4x − 8 = 4 10 − 8 = 40 − 8 = 32
8−3 5 5 By the Incenter Theorem, PX = PY = PZ and PZ = 32 units.
— 3 + 8 −6 + (−6)
midpoint of LN = —, — (
2 2 ) 16. PX = PZ

11 −12 4x + 3 = 6x − 11
(
= —, — = —, −6
2 2
11
2 ) ( ) −2x = −14
— is x = —
The equation of the line perpendicular to LN 11
. x=7
2

⋅
2 11 11
The intersection of y = −—3 x − —
6
and x = —2
: PX = 4x + 3 = 4 7 + 3 = 28 + 3 = 31
211
y = −—3 —2 ( )
11
−—6
= −— 11
6 −—6
= −—
22
6 = − 2 , the point of
—
33 11

⋅
PZ = 6x − 11 = 6 7 − 11 = 42 − 11 = 31
11
intersection is —
2 (, −—
11
)
2 . So, the coordinates of the
By the Circumcenter Theorem, PX = PY = PZ and PY = 31 units.
circumcenter of △LMN are — 11
2
11
, −—
2 . ( )
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Chapter 6

17. Sample answer: 22. Construct an angle bisector of ∠BCA and ∠ABC. Label
4
the intersection of the two angle bisectors as D. Draw a
3
A —, label that point E. Using D
perpendicular line from D to AB
—
as the center and DE as the radius, construct a circle. Point
2
D
D is the incenter of △ABC.
1

0 B C 5
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
4
−1
A
3
−2

2
E

18. Sample answer: 5 1 D

4
0 C
−1 B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

3
A −1

2
D
23. Construct an angle bisector of ∠ABC and ∠CAB. Label
1
the intersection of the two angle bisectors as D. Draw a
0
—, label that point E. Using D
perpendicular line from D to AB
−1 0 1 B 2 3 4 5C 6 — as the radius, construct a circle. Point
as the center and DE
−1
D is the incenter of △ABC.
6
19. Sample answer: 4

5
3
A 4
2
A
3

1
2 E
0 D C
1
−1 B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
D
0 B
−1
0 1 2 C3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
−2

24. Construct an angle bisector of ∠ABC and ∠BCA. Label

20. Sample answer: 5
the intersection of the two angle bisectors as D. Draw a
—, label that point E. Using D
perpendicular line from D to BC
4
A —
as the center and DE as the radius, construct a circle. Point
3
D is the incenter of △ABC.
2
D 5
1
4
0 C A
−1 B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3
−1
2

D
21. Construct an angle bisector of ∠ABC and ∠BCA. Label 1
the intersection of the two angle bisectors as D. Draw a
—, label that point E. Using D
perpendicular line from D to AC
0 E C

—
−1 B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

as the center and DE as the radius, construct a circle. Point −1

D is the incenter of △ABC.

25. Because point G is the intersection of the angle bisectors, it
5
— and GF
is the incenter. But, because GD — are not necessarily
4 A
perpendicular to a side of the triangle, there is not sufficient
3
— and GF
evidence to conclude that GD — are congruent.
E Point G is equidistant from the sides of the triangle.
2

1 D 26. Because point T is the intersection of the perpendicular

0 C bisectors, it is the circumcenter and is equidistant from the
−1 B 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 vertices of the triangle, not necessarily the sides.
−1 TU = TW = TY
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Chapter 6
27. You could copy the positions of the three houses, and 33. Graph △ABC.
connect the points to draw a triangle. Then draw the three y
perpendicular bisectors of the triangle. The point where the 12
B(6, 6)
perpendicular bisectors meet, the circumcenter, should be the
8
___location of the meeting place.
A(2, 5)
4
28. To find the ___location of the fountain, use the Incenter C(12, 3)
Theorem. The incenter of the triangle is equidistance from
−4 4 8 12 x
the sides of the triangle. That point will be the same distance
−4
from each edge of the koi pond. So, place the fountain at the
incenter of the pond.
—: m = —
Slope of AB
6−5 1
=—
6−2 4
A
— is m = −4.
The slope of the line perpendicular to AB
—= —
2+6 5+6
C
D

B
midpoint of AB
2 2
8 11
2 2 (
, — = —, — = (4, 5.5) ) ( )
y = mx + b
5.5 = −4 4 + b ⋅
29. The circumcenter of a scalene triangle is sometimes inside 5.5 = −16 + b
the triangle. If the scalene triangle is obtuse or right, then 21.5 = b
the circumcenter is outside or on the triangle, respectively. — is
The equation of the line perpendicular to AB
However, if the scalene triangle is acute, then the
circumcenter is inside the triangle. y = −4x + 21.5.
—: m = —
Slope of AC
3−5 −2
= — = −—
1
30. If the perpendicular bisector of one side of a triangle 12 − 2 10 5
intersects the opposite vertex, the triangle is always
— is m = 5.
The slope of the line perpendicular to AC
—= —
2 + 12 5 + 3
isosceles. If the perpendicular bisector of one side of a
triangle intersects the opposite vertex, then it divides the midpoint of AC
2 2 (
14 8
, — = —, — = (7, 4)
2 2 ) ( )
triangle into two congruent triangles. So, two sides of the y = mx + b
original triangle are congruent because corresponding parts
of congruent triangles are congruent.
4=5 7+b ⋅
4 = 35 + b
31. The perpendicular bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point −31 = b
that is sometimes equidistant from the midpoints of the — is y = 5x − 31.
The equation of the line perpendicular to AC
sides of the triangle. This only happens when the triangle is —: m = —
Slope of BC
3−6 −3
= — = −—
1
equilateral. 12 − 6 6 2
— is m = 2.
The slope of the line perpendicular to BC
32. The angle bisectors of a triangle intersect at a point that is
—= —
6 + 12 6 + 3
always equidistant from the sides of the triangle. This is the
Incenter Theorem (Thm. 6.6).
midpoint of BC
2 2 (
18 9
, — = —, — = (9, 4.5)
2 2 ) ( )
y = mx + b
4.5 = 2 9 + b ⋅
4.5 = 18 + b
−13.5 = b
— is
The equation of the line perpendicular to BC
y = 2x − 13.5.
Find the intersection of y = −4x + 21.5 and y = 5x − 31.
−4x + 21.5 = 5x − 31
−9x + 21.5 = −31
−9x = −52.5
35
x=—
6
⋅
35 11
y = 5 — − 31 = −—
6 6
35
The point of intersection is —6
, −— ( 11
)
6 . So, the coordinates of
the circumcenter of △ABC are ( 35
—6
, −—
6 .
11
)
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Chapter 6
34. Graph △DEF. — is m = −—.
The slope of the line perpendicular to EF
3
7
—
F(−2, −2)
y −5 + (−2) −9 + (−2)
(
midpoint of EF = —, — = −—, −—
2 2 2 ) (
7 11
2 )
−8 −4 x y = mx + b
−4

⋅( )
11 3 7
−— = −— −— + b
D(−9, −5) 2 7 2
−8
11 21
E(−5, −9) −— = — + b
2 14
11 3
−— = — + b
—: m = —
Slope of DE
−9 − (−5) −9 + 5 −4
= — = — = −1
2 2
−5 − (−9) −5 + 9
The slope of the line perpendicular to DE
4
— is m = 1. ( ) ()
11
2
3
2 −— = 2 — + 2b
2
−11 = 3 + 2b
—= — −9 + (−5) −5 + (−9) −14 −14
midpoint of DE (
2
, — = —, —
2 2 2) ( ) −14 = 2b
−7 = b
= (−7, −7) — is y = −—3x −7.
y = mx + b The equation of the line perpendicular to EF 7

⋅
7
49
−7 = 1 (−7) + b Find the intersection of y = x and y = −—3 x − —
3
.
−7 = −7 + b 7 49
x = −—x − —
3 3
0=b 3x = −7x − 49
— is y = x.
The equation of the line perpendicular to DE 10x = −49
—: m = —
Slope of DF
−2 − (−5) −2 + 5 3
=—=— 35
−2 − (−9) −2 + 9 7 x = −— = −4.9
— is m = −—7.
The slope of the line perpendicular to DF
10
3 y = −4.9
— −9 + (−2) −5 + (−2)
(
midpoint of DF = —, — = −—, −—
2 2 ) ( 11 7
2 2 ) The point of intersection is (−4.9, −4.9). So, the coordinates
of the circumcenter of △DEF are (−4.9, −4.9).
y = mx + b
35. 352 + (2x)2 = 372 36. 242 + (14x)2 = 252
⋅( )
7 7 11
−— = −— −— + b
2 3 2 1225 + 4x2 = 1369 576 + 196x2 = 625
7 77 4x2 = 144 196x2 = 49
−— = — + b
2 6 x2 = 36 49
x2 = —
⋅( ) 196
⋅( )
7 77
6 −— = 6 — + 6b x=6 x=—7
= —12
2 6 14
−21 = 77 + 6b The value of x that will The value of x that will
−98 = 6b make N the incenter is 6. make N the incenter is —12.
98 37. The circumcenter of any right triangle is located at the
−— = b
6 midpoint of the hypotenuse of the triangle.
49
−— = b y
3
— is y = −—7x − —
The equation of the line perpendicular to DF 49
.
A(0, 2b)
3 3
—: m = —
Slope of EF
−2 − (−9) −2 + 9 7
,—=— MAB(0, b)
MAC (a, b)
−2 − (−5) −2 + 5 3

B(0, 0) MBC (a, 0) C(2a, 0) x

Let A(0, 2b), B(0, 0), and C(2a, 0) represent the vertices of
a right triangle where ∠ B is the right angle. The midpoint
— is M—(0, b). The midpoint of BC
of AB — is M—(a, 0). The
AB
midpoint of AC — is M—(a, b). Because AB — is BC
vertical, its
AC
perpendicular bisector is horizontal. So, the equation of the
horizontal line passing through M—(0, b) is y = b. Because
— is horizontal, its perpendicularABbisector is vertical. So,
BC
the equation of the vertical line passing through MBC—(a, 0)
is x = a. The circumcenter of △ABC is the intersection of
perpendicular bisectors, y = b and x = a, which is (a, b).
—.
This point is also the midpoint of AC
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Chapter 6
38. Given
— bisects ∠ CAB, BD
△ABC, AD — bisects ∠ CBA, 42. a. The archaeologists need to locate the circumcenter of
— — — — — —
DE ⊥ AB , DF ⊥ BC , DG ⊥ CA. the three stones because that will be the center of the
Prove The angle bisectors intersect at D, which is circle that contains all three stones. In order to locate the
—, BC
equidistant from AB —, and CA —. circumcenter, the archaeologists need to find the point of
concurrency of the perpendicular bisectors of the sides of
C the triangle formed by the three stones.
G F b. This is a circumcenter problem. The approximate
D coordinates of the point at which the archaeologists
should look for the fire pit are (7, 7).
A E B
y A(2, 10)
10
— ⊥ AB
Because DE —, DF
— ⊥ BC
—, and DG
— ⊥ CA
—, ∠ DFB, ∠ DEB,
8
∠ DEA, and ∠ DGA are congruent right angles. Also, by
definition of angle bisector, ∠ DBF ≅ ∠ DBE and D(7.09, 6.87) B(13, 6)
∠ DAE ≅ ∠ DAG. In addition, DB — ≅ DB— and DA — ≅ DA— by 6

the Reflexive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1). So, 4

△DFB ≅ △DEB and △DEA ≅ △DGA by the AAS

2
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.11). Next, because
C(6, 1)
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent,
— ≅ DE
DF — and DG — ≅ DE —. By the Transitive Property of 2 4 6 8 10 12 x

Congruence (Thm. 2.1), DF — ≅ DE — ≅ DG

—. So, point D is
— — —
equidistant from AB , BC , and CA . Because D is equidistant 43. B; by the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem
— and CB
from CA —, by the Converse of the Angle Bisector
Theorem (Thm. 6.4), point D is on the angle bisector of 44. no; When you find the circumcenter of three of the points
∠ ACB. So, the angle bisectors intersect at point D. and draw the circle that circumscribes those three points, it
does not pass through the fourth point. An example of one
39. The circumcenter is the point of intersection of the circle is shown.
perpendicular bisectors of the sides of a triangle, and it is
equidistant from the vertices of the triangle. In contrast, the
incenter is the point of intersection of the angle bisectors of a
triangle, and it is equidistant from the sides of the triangle. A E C

40. no; Because the incenter is the center of an inscribed circle,

B
it must be inside the triangle. D

41. a. To determine the ___location of the pool so that it touches 45. yes; In an equilateral triangle, each perpendicular bisector
( RD and ⃗
the edges, construct two angle bisectors ⃗ QD .)
Construct a perpendicular bisector through point D to QR —. passes through the opposite vertex and divides the triangle
into two congruent triangles. So, it is also an angle bisector.
Label the intersection E. With D as the center, construct a
—. If the incenter point were to move
circle with radius DE 46. The incenter is at the center of the hub of the windmill where
in any direction, the circle contained within the triangle the blades, acting as angle bisectors, connect to the hub.
would become smaller and not touch all three sides of the
triangle. So, the circle with the center at the incenter is the 47. a. All triangles have exactly three angle bisectors and
largest circle that touches all three sides. three perpendicular bisectors. Only three — 20
3
segments ( )
are needed to represent them on an equilateral triangle
because each perpendicular bisector also bisects the
E
Q R opposite angle.
b. All six segments are needed to represent the three angle
D
bisectors and three perpendicular bisectors of a scalene
P triangle because none of the perpendicular bisectors will
also bisect an angle.
b. Yes, and the radius would be decreased by 1 foot. You
would keep the center of the pool as the incenter of the
triangle, but you would make the radius of the pool at
least 1 foot shorter.

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Chapter 6
—=
48. Sample answer: midpoint of PN ( 10 +2 16, 20 2+ 2 ) = ( 262 , 222 ) = (13, 11)
— — — —

y = mx + b

⋅
1
11 = — 13 + b
53.13°
3

45 ft
75 ft
⋅ 1
⋅ ⋅
3 11 = 3 — 13 + 3b
3
36.87° 33 = 13 + 3b
90° 60 ft 20 = 3b
20
—=b
3
49. To determine the radius of the circle, the angle bisectors — is y = —1x + —
The equation of the line perpendicular to PN 20
.
would be used. 3 3
1
y E(4, 128)
Find the intersection of y = −—2 x + 15 and y = —13x + —
20
3
.
10 1 1 20
−—x + 15 = —x + —
2 3 3
8

⋅( ) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
1 1 20
6 −— x + 6 15 = 6 —x + 6 —
2 3 3
−3x + 90 = 2x + 40
4
−5x + 90 = 40
2 −5x = −50
x = 10
D(0, 0) 6 C(8, 0) x 1
y = −—x + 15
The radius of the circle is approximately 3 inches. 2

⋅
1
= −— 10 + 15 = −5 + 15 = 10
50. To determine the coordinates of the center of the circle and the 2
radius of the circle, use perpendicular bisectors. The coordinates of the center of the circle are (10, 10).
Distance between the center (10, 10) and T(2, 4):
Graph △LMN. ——
distance = √ (10 − 2)2 + (10 − 4)2
y — — —

E(13, 11)
= √82 + 62 = √64 + 36 = √ 100 = 10
24
P(10, 20) The radius of the circle is 10 units.

F(6, 12)
8
51. Total area of △BAC = — ⋅ ⋅
1
2
AB AC

−8 8 16 24 x
1
Area of △ADC = — x AC
2 ⋅⋅
T(2, 4) N(16, 2) 1
Area of △BDC = — x BC
2 ⋅⋅
—: m = — 20 − 4 16
=—=2
Slope of TP
10 − 2 8
— is m = −—1.
1
Area of △BDA = — x AB
2 ⋅⋅
The slope of the line perpendicular to TP
⋅ ⋅ 1
⋅⋅
1
⋅⋅
1
⋅⋅
2 1
— AB AC = — x AC + — x BC + — x AB
—= —
10 + 2 20 + 4
midpoint of TP
2 (
12 24
, — = —, — = (6, 12)
2 2 2 ) ( ) 2 2 2 2

y = mx + b
1
⋅ ⋅ 1
⋅
— AB AC = — x(AC + BC + AB)
2 2
1
12 = −— 6 + b
2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
1 1
⋅ ⋅
2 — AB AC = 2 — x(AC + BC + AB)
2 2
12 = −3 + b ⋅
AB AC = x(AC + BC + AB)
15 = b AB ⋅ AC
—— = x
— is y = −—x + 15.
The equation of the line perpendicular to TP
1 (AC + BC + AB)
— 20 − 2 18
2
—, BC
The expression for x in terms of the lengths of AB —, and
Slope of PN : m = — = — = −3
10 − 16 −6
— is —1.
The slope of the line perpendicular to PN
— is ——
AC
AB AC
(AC + BC + AB)
⋅ .
3

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Chapter 6
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency 58. 2x + 3y = 18
— −3 + 3 5 + 5
52. midpoint of AB =
———
( 2
0 10
2 2 ) ( )
—, — = —, — = (0, 5)
2
—
3y = −2x + 18
2 18
y = −—3 x + —
—
AB = √( 3 − (−3) )2 + (5 − 5)2 = √ 62 + 0 2 = √36 = 6 2
3
y = −—3 x + 6
—
( 2 +2 10 −1 2+ 7 ) ( 122 62 )
53. midpoint of AB = —, — = —, — = (6, 3)
———
The slope of the new line is —32 .
y = mx + b
AB = √( 10 − 2 )2 + ( 7 − (−1) )2
— — — — y = —32 x + b
= √82 + 82 = √64 + 64 = √ 128 = 8√ 2 ≈ 11.3

—−5 + 4 1 + (−5)
⋅
−6 = —32 (−8) + b
54. midpoint of AB = —, —
2 ( 2 ) −6 = −12 + b
6=b
−1 −4
(
= —, — = −—, −2
2 2
1
2 ) ( ) The equation of the line passing through P(−8, −6) and
———
AB = √( 4 − (−5) ) + (−5 − 1)
2 2 perpendicular to y = 2x + 1 is y = —32 x + 6.
— — — y
= √ 92 + (−6)2 = √ 81 + 36 = √ 117 ≈ 10.8 12

—
——
( −72+ 5 5 +2 9 ) ( −22 142 )
55. midpoint of AB = —, — = —, — = (−1, 7) 3
y = 2x + 6
8
2x + 3y = 18

AB = √( 5 − (−7) ) + (9 − 2 5)2
— — —
= √122 + 42 = √ 144 + 16 = √ 160 ≈ 12.6 −12 −8 4 8 12 x

−4
P(−8, −6)
56. The slope of the new y
1
line is −—2. 10 −8
P(2, 8)
y = mx + b 8 y=
1
−2 x +9 −12
1
y = −—2x +b 6
1
8 = −—2 ⋅2 + b 4
59. y + 3 = −4(x + 3)
y + 3 = −4x − 12
8 = −1 + b y = 2x + 1
2 y = −4x − 15
9=b
The slope of the new line is —14 .
The equation of the line 2 4 6 8 10 x
passing through P(2, 8) y = mx + b y
and perpendicular to y = —14x + b 4
1
y = 2x + 1 is y = −—2x + 9.
⋅
1 = —14 (−4) + b 1
y = 4x + 2
57. The line y = −5 is horizontal. The equation of the line 1 = −1 + b P(−4, 1)
passing through P(6, −3) and perpendicular to y = −5 is 2=b −8 −6 −4 −2 2 x
x = 6. The slope of the perpendicular line is undefined so The equation of the line −2
the equation is vertical. passing through P(−4, 1)
−4
y and perpendicular to
y + 3 = −4(x + 3)
y + 3 = −4(x + 3)
2 4 x is y = —14 x + 2.
−2 x=6
P(6, −3)
−4

−6
y = −5

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Chapter 6
6.3 Explorations (p. 319) 2. a. Check students’ work.
1. a. Draw △ABC and plot the midpoints of each side and b. Sample answer:
construct the medians. Sample answer: 7

7 6

6 5 B
B E
5 4
F D
A
4 3
G
3 G 2
D A
2 1
E F
1
0 C
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 C
−1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−1
The altitudes meet at the same point.
b. The medians of a triangle are concurrent at a point inside c. The altitudes that connect a vertex and a point on the
the triangle. opposite side are all perpendicular to that side. If the
c. Segment AD is divided into AG ≈ 4 and GD ≈ 2. So, the triangle is acute, the altitudes meet inside of the triangle.
ratio is about —12 . Segment BE is divided into BG ≈ 2 and If the triangle is a right triangle, the legs of the right
GE ≈ 1, so the ratio is about —12 . The ratio of the length of triangle are the altitudes, and therefore, meet at a point on
the shorter segment to the length of the longer segment is the triangle. If the triangle is obtuse, the altitudes meet at
1 : 2 or —12. a point on the outside of the triangle.
AD ≈ 6, AG ≈ 4; The ratio is —23 . 3. The medians meet at a point inside the triangle that divides
BE ≈ 3, BG ≈ 2; The ratio is 2
—3 . each median into two segments whose lengths have the ratio
1 : 2. The altitudes meet at a point inside, on, or outside the
The ratio of the length of the longer segment to the length triangle depending on whether the triangle is acute, right, or
of the whole median is 2 : 3 or —23. If the shorter segment of obtuse.
the median is a and the longer segment is b, the shorter
—
segment is —12 of the longer segment a = —12 b . The median
3
( ) 4. The two segments of RU have lengths of 1 inch and 2 inches.

equals a + b = —12 b + b = —12b + —22b = —2 b. Because the

3 6.3 Monitoring Progress (pp. 321–323)
median is —2 b, by multiplying by the reciprocal, the longer
segment, b, is —23 of the median.
1
1. PS = —3⋅ 2100 = 700 ft
PC = ⋅ 2100 = 1400 ft
2
—3

2. BT = — ⋅ BC 1
2
3. ⋅
PT = —12 PA
1000 = — ⋅ BC 1
2 ⋅
800 = —12 PA
2 ⋅ 1000 = 2 ⋅ — ⋅ BC 1
2
2 ⋅ 800 = 2 ⋅ — ⋅ PA
1
2
2000 = BC 1600 = PA
So, BC is 2000 feet. So, PA is 1600 feet.
TC = 1
—2 ⋅ BC TA = PT + PA
TC = 1
—2 ⋅ 2000 TA = 800 + 1600
TC = 1000 TA = 2400
So, TC is 1000 feet. So, TA is 2400 feet.

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Chapter 6
4. y G(4, 9) 6. y
4
8 A(0, 3)
2
F(2, 5)
6
M(5, 5)
4 −2 2 6 x
P(4, 5)
2
B(0, −2) C(6, −3)
H(6, 1)
2 4 6 x
—=— −3 − (−2) 1
— is — 4+6 9+1 slope of BC = −—
The midpoint of GH
2 2
10 10
2 2 (
, — = —, — = (5, 5). ) ( ) 6−0 6
— is 6 and the line
The slope of the line perpendicular to BC
2 — passes through vertex A(0, 3).
The centroid is — of FM .
3
—— y = mx + b
FM = √(5 − 2)2 + (5 − 5)2
—
= √32 = √ 9 = 3
— 3=6 0+b⋅
3=b
⋅
The centroid is —23 3 = 2, so the centroid P is 2 units to
the right of F, which are the coordinates (4, 5). So, the
— is y = 6x + 3.
The equation of the line perpendicular to BC
coordinates of the centroid of △FGH are (4, 5). —= —
slope AC
−3 − 3 −6
= — = −1
6−0 6
5. y Y(1, 5) — is 1 and the line
The slope of the line perpendicular to AC
5
L(−1, 4) passes through vertex B(0, −2).
X(−3, 3)
3 y = mx + b
P(−1, 2) J(0, 1.5)
⋅
−2 = 1 0 + b
−5 −3 1 3 x −2 = b
— is y = x − 2.
The equation of the line perpendicular to AC
Z(−1, −2)
Find the intersection of y = 6x + 3 and y = x − 2.
— is — 1 + (−1) 5 + (−2) 6x + 3 = x − 2
The midpoint of YZ
2 2 ( 0 3
2 2 ) ( )
, — = —, — = (0, 1.5).
5x + 3 = −2
— 1.5 − 3
The slope of XJ is — = — = −—.
−1.5 1
5x = −5
0 − (−3) 3 2
y = mx + b x = −1
⋅
y = 6 (−1) + 3 = −6 + 3 = −3
⋅
1
1.5 = −— 0 + b
2 So, the orthocenter is outside the triangle and the coordinates
1.5 = b are (−1, −3).
3
b=— 7. △JKL is a right triangle; therefore, the orthocenter is on the
2
— though J(0, 1.5) is y = −—1x + —3.
The equation of XJ
triangle at the right angle (−3, 4).
2 2 K(−3, 4) y L(5, 4)
— −3 + 1 3 + 5 −2 8
2 2 (
The midpoint of XY is —, — = —, — = (−1, 4).
2 2 ) ( ) 3

— 4 − (−2) 6
The slope of ZL is — = — = undefined.
−1 − (−1) 0
— through J(−1, 4) is x = −1.
The equation of ZL
−1 3 5 x

The centroid has the coordinates of the intersection of −3

1 3
y = −—x + — and x = −1. J(−3, −4)
2 2
1 3
y = −—x + —
2 2
1 3
y = −—(−1) + —
2 2
1 3 4
y=—+—=—=2
2 2 2
So, the centroid has coordinates (−1, 2).

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Chapter 6

8. Proving △ABD ≅ △CBD by the SSS Congruence Theorem 7. DE = —3 ⋅ CE1

8. ⋅
DE = —13 CE
5 = — ⋅ CE ⋅
(Thm. 5.8) at the beginning of the proof would be the same. 1
11 = —13 CE
But then you would state that ∠ ABD ≅ ∠ CBD because 3

corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent. 3 ⋅ 5 = 3 ⋅ — ⋅ CE 1

3 ⋅ 11 = 3 ⋅ — ⋅ CE
1
— is also an angle bisector by definition.
This means that BD
3 3
15 = CE 33 = CE
CE = 15 units CE = 33 units
6.3 Exercises (pp. 324–326)
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
CD = 2
—3 ⋅ CE ⋅
CD = —23 CE

1. The four types of triangular concurrencies are circumcenters,

CD = 2
—3
30
⋅ 15 66
⋅
CD = —23 33
incenters, centroids, and orthocenters. The circumcenters are CD = — 3
= 10 CD = —3
= 22
formed by the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors. CD = 10 units CD = 22 units
The incenters are formed by the intersection of the angle
bisectors. The centroids are formed by the intersection of the
medians. The orthocenters are formed by the intersection of
9. DE = —3 ⋅ CE1
10. ⋅
DE = —13 CE

the altitudes. 9 = — ⋅ CE1

3 ⋅
15 = —13 CE
3 ⋅ 9 = 3 ⋅ — ⋅ CE 1
3
3 ⋅ 15 = 3 ⋅ — ⋅ CE
1
3
2. The length of a segment from a vertex to the centroid is
27 = CE 45 = CE
two-thirds the length of the median from that vertex.
CE = 27 units CE = 45 units
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics CD = 2
—3 ⋅ CE ⋅
CD = —23 CE

⋅ 27 ⋅
2 2
3. PN = —3 QN 4. PN = —3 QN CD = 2
—3 CD = —23 45
PN = 2
—3 9
18
⋅ PN = 2
—3 21
42
⋅ CD = —
54
3
= 18 90
CD = —3
= 30
PN = — 3
= 6 PN = — 3
= 14 CD = 18 units CD = 30 units
PN = 6 units PN = 14 units —
11. Because G is a centroid, BF is a median and F is the
—
QP = 1
—3 ⋅ QN QP = 1
—3 ⋅ QN midpoint of AC . Therefore, FC = 12 units.
QP = 1
—3 ⋅9 QP = 1
—3 ⋅ 21 —
12. Because G is a centroid, BF is a median and BG is —3
2
⋅ BF.
QP = 3 QP = 7
QP = 3 units QP = 7 units
BG = 2
—3 ⋅ BF
6= 2
—3 ⋅ BF
⋅6 = ⋅ — ⋅ BF
2 2
5. PN = —3 QN 6. PN = —3 QN 3
—2
3
—2
2
3
PN = 2
—3 ⋅ 30 PN = 2
—3 ⋅ 42 9 = BF
PN = —
60
= 20 PN = —
84
= 28 Therefore, BF = 9 units.
3 3
PN = 20 units PN = 28 units —
13. Because G is a centroid, AE is a median and AG = —3
2
⋅ AE.
QP = 1
—3 ⋅ QN QP = 1
—3 ⋅ QN
AG = 2
—3 ⋅ AE
QP = 1
—3 ⋅ 30 QP = 1
—3 ⋅ 42 AG = 2
—3 ⋅ 15
QP = 10 QP = 14
AG = 10
QP = 10 units QP = 14 units
Therefore, AG = 10 units.
—
14. Because G is a centroid, AE is a median and GE = —3
1
⋅ AE.
GE = 1
—3 ⋅ AE
GE = 1
—3 ⋅ 15
GE = 5
Therefore, GE = 5 units.

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Chapter 6
15. y 16. y
8 8
C(5, 7) G(−2, 7)
( )11
5, 3 ( 7
−3 , 5 )
6
F(6.5, 4) I(−4, 5)
A(2, 3) F(1, 5)
4 4
E(−2.5, 4)
2
H(−6, 3) 2
D(5, 2)
B(8, 1)
2 4 6 8 x −6 −4 −2 2 x

— is — 5+8 7+1
— is
The midpoint of CB
2 (
13 8
) ( )
, — = —, — = (6.5, 4).
2 2 2
The midpoint of HG

— 4−3
The slope of AF is — = — = —.
1 2 ( −6 +2(−2), 3 +2 7 ) = ( −82 , 102 ) = (−4, 5).
— — — —
6.5 − 2 4.5 9 — is — 5−5 0
y = mx + b The slope of FI = — = 0.
1 − (−1) 2
— through I(−4, 5) is y = 5.
2
4 = — 6.5 + b
9 ⋅ The equation of FI
— is —
−6 + 1 3 + 5 −5 8
⋅ 2
⋅ ⋅
9 4 = 9 — 6.5 + 9 b
9 ⋅
The midpoint of HF
2 2 (
, — = —, — = (−2.5, 4).
2 2 ) ( )
— 7−4
⋅
3 3
36 = 2 6.5 + 9b The slope of GE is —— = — = — = 6.
−2 − (−2.5) −2 + 2.5 0.5
36 = 13 + 9b y = mx + b
23 = 9b
⋅
4 = 6 (−2.5) + b
23
—=b
4 = −15 + b
9 19 = b
— through F(6.5, 4) is y = —2x + —
The equation of AF
23
. — through E(−2.5, 4) is y = 6x + 19.
The equation of GE
9 9
The centroid has the coordinates of the intersection of
— is — 2+8 3+1
The midpoint of AB
2 2 ( 10 4
, — = —, — = (5, 2).
2 2 ) ( ) y = 6x + 19 and y = 5.
5 = 6x + 19
— 2 − 3 −1
The slope of CD is — = — = undefined.
5−5 0 −14 = 6x
— through D(5, 2) is x = 5.
The equation of CD
14
x = −— = −—
7
6 3
The centroid has the coordinates of the intersection of
y = —29x + —
23
9
and x = 5.
7
The centroid has coordinates −—, 5 .
3 ( )
2 23 17. y S(5, 5)
y = —x + —
9 9
4
2
y=— 5+—
9 ⋅ 23
9 2
(5, 1) E(8, 1)
10 23
y=—+— U(−1, 1)
9 9 −4 8 12 x
33 11
y=—=— −2
D(5, −1)
9 3
T(11, −3)
11
The centroid has coordinates 5, —3
. ( )
— is —
The midpoint of ST
2 (
5 + 11 5 + (−3) 16 2
, — = —, — = (8, 1).
2 2 2 ) ( )
— 1−1
The slope of UE is — = — = 0.
0
8 − (−1) 9
— through E(8, 1) is y = 1.
The equation of UE
— is
The midpoint of UT

( −1 +2 11, 1 + 2(−3) ) = ( 102 , −22 ) = (5, −1).

— — — —

— is —
The slope of SD
−1 − 5 −3
= — = undefined.
5−5 0
—
The equation of SD through D(5, −1) is x = 5.
The centroid has the coordinates of the intersection of x = 5
and y = 1, which is (5, 1).

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Chapter 6
18. y X(1, 4) 19. L(0, 5) y
4
4
D(4, 3)
3 y=1
Z(2, 3)
2
2
(103, 3) Y(7, 2) M(3, 1) N(8, 1)
E(4.5, 2.5) −2 4 6 8 x
1
−2

2 4 6 8 x
y = 2x − 5
−4

— is —1+7 4+2 (0, −5)

The midpoint of XY
2 2 ( 8 6
, — = —, — = (4, 3).
2 2 ) ( ) — is — 1−1 0
= — = 0.
— is —
The slope of ZD
3−3 0
= — = 0.
The slope of the line containing MN
8−3 5
4−2 2 — is undefined and
— through D(4, 3) is y = 3.
The equation of ZD
The slope of the line perpendicular to MN
passes through (0, 5). Therefore, the equation of that line
— is —
2+7 3+2 is x = 0.
The midpoint of ZY
2 2 (
9 5
, — = —, — = (4.5, 2.5).
2 2 ) ( ) — is —5−1 4
= — = −—.
1
— 4 − 2.5 1.5 15
The slope of XE is — = — = −— = −—.
3 The slope of the line containing LN
0 − 8 −8 2
1 − 4.5 −3.5 35 7 — is 2.
The slope of the line perpendicular to LN
y = mx + b y = mx + b

⋅
3 9 y = 2x + b
2.5 = −— — + b
7 2
5 27
— = −— + b
1=2 3+b ⋅
2 14 1=6+b

⋅ ⋅( ) −5 = b
5 27
14 — = 14 −— + 14b
2 14 — containing point
The equation of the line perpendicular to LN
35 = −27 + 14b (3, 1) is y = 2x − 5.
62 = 14b The orthocenter is the intersection of x = 0 and y = 2x − 5.
62 31 y = 2x − 5
b=—=—
14 7
— through E(4.5, 2.5) is y = −—3x + —
The equation of XE
31
.
y=2 0−5 ⋅
7 7 y = −5
The centroid has the coordinates of the intersection of The orthocenter of △LMN is located on the outside and the
3 31
y = −—x + — and y = 3. coordinates are (0, −5).
7 7
3 31 20. △XYZ is a right triangle; therefore, the orthocenter is on the
y = −—x + —
7 7 triangle at the intersection of the legs.
3 31
3 = −—x + — y
7 7 Z(−3, 6)

⋅( ) ⋅( ) 6
⋅
3 31
7 3 = 7 −— x + 7 —
7 7 4
21 = −3x + 31
−10x =−3x X(−3, 2) Y(5, 2)
10
—=x −2 2 4 x
3
10
The centroid has coordinates —, 3 .
3 ( ) The coordinates of the orthocenter are (−3, 2).

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Chapter 6
21. y 22. y
x = −1 6
4
C(−1, 3) V(0, 4)
(−1, 2) (0, 73) 4

B(1, 0)
A(−4, 0) T(−2, 1)
−6 −2 2 x U(2, 1)
−2 2 4 x
2 8 2 7
y = 3x + 3 y = 3x + 3

— is —
The slope of the line containing AB
0−0 0
= — = 0. — is — 1−1 0
1 − (−4) 5 The slope of the line containing TU = — = 0.
— is undefined and 2 − (−2) 4
The slope of the line perpendicular to AB — is undefined and
The slope of the line perpendicular to TU
passes through (−1, 3). Therefore, the equation of that line is passes through (0, 4). Therefore, the equation of that line
x = −1. is x = 0.
— is —
The slope of the line containing CB
3−0 3
= — = −—.
3
— is — 4−1 3 3
−1 − 1 −2 2 The slope of the line containing VU = — = −—.
0 − 2 −2 2
— is —2.
The slope of the line perpendicular to CB — is —2.
3 The slope of the line perpendicular to VU
3
y = mx + b
y = mx + b
2
3 ⋅
0 = — (−4) + b 2
1 = — (−2) + b
3 ⋅
8
0 = −— + b 4
3 1 = −— + b
3
8
—=b
⋅ ⋅( ) ⋅
4
3 3 1 = 3 −— + 3 b
— containing
The equation of the line perpendicular to CB
3
2 8 3 = −4 + 3b
point (−4, 0) is y = —x + —.
3 3 7 = 3b
The orthocenter is the intersection of x = −1 and 7
2 8 b=—
y = —x + —. 3
3 3 — containing
The equation of the line perpendicular to VU
2 8 2 7
y = —x + — point (−2, 1) is y = —x + —.
3 3 3 3
2
⋅
y = — (−1) + —
3
8
3
2 7
The orthocenter is the intersection of x = 0 and y = —x + —.
3 3
2 8 2 7
y = −— + — y = —x + —
3 3 3 3
6
y=—=2
3
2
y=— 0+—
3 ⋅ 7
3
The orthocenter of △ABC is inside the triangle with 7
y=—
coordinates (−1, 2). 3
The orthocenter of △TUV is inside the triangle with
7
coordinates 0, — .
3 ( )
23. Construct the medians of an isosceles right triangle by
finding the midpoint of each side and connecting the
midpoint and the vertex opposite that midpoint. Where
the medians intersect is the ___location of the centroid. The
orthocenter is on the triangle at the right angle.

centroid

orthocenter

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Chapter 6
24. Construct the medians of an obtuse scalene triangle by — 1 —
27. The length of DE should be —3 of the length of AE because it
finding the midpoint of each side and connecting the is the shorter segment from the centroid to the side.
midpoint and the vertex opposite that midpoint. Where the
DE = —13 AE
medians intersect is the ___location of the centroid. Construct
the altitudes by drawing a perpendicular segment from each DE = —13 (18)
vertex to the opposite side or to the line that contains the DE = 6
opposite side. The orthocenter is located outside the triangle
where the altitudes intersect. — 1 —
28. The length of DE is —2 of the length of AD because DE = —3 AE
1

Sample answer: and AD = —23 AE.

DE = —12 AD
centroid
DE = —12 (24)
DE = 12
orthocenter 29. Given
— is an angle bisector of ∠ ABC.
Isosceles △ABC, AD
Prove — is a median.
BD
25. Construct the medians of a right scalene triangle by finding
the midpoint of each side and connecting the midpoint B
and the vertex opposite that midpoint. Where the medians
intersect is the ___location of the centroid. The orthocenter is on
the triangle at the right angle.
Sample answer:
A C
D

centroid
STATEMENTS REASONS
1. △ABC is an 1. Given
orthocenter
isosceles triangle.
2. —
AB ≅ —
BC 2. Definition of isosceles
26. Construct the medians of an acute isosceles triangle by finding
triangle
3. —
the midpoint of each side and connecting the midpoint and the
vertex opposite that midpoint. Where the medians intersect is AD is an angle bisector 3. Given
the ___location of the centroid. Construct the altitudes by drawing of ∠ ABC.
a perpendicular segment from each vertex to the opposite side. 4. △ABD ≅ ∠ CBD 4. Definition of angle bisector
The orthocenter is where the altitudes intersect.
5. —
BD ≅ —
BD 5. Reflexive Property of
Sample answer: Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
centroid 6. △ABD ≅ △CBD 6. SAS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.5)
7. —
AD ≅ —
CD 7. Corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are
congruent.
orthocenter 8. D is the midpoint of —
AC . 8. Definition of midpoint

9. —
BD is a median. 9. Definition of median

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Chapter 6

30. Given Isosceles △ABC, 35. The centroid and orthocenter are sometimes the same point.
— is an altitude to AC
BD —. B
The centroid and the orthocenter are not the same point
Prove — is a perpendicular bisector.
BD
unless the triangle is equilateral.

36. The centroid is always formed by the intersection of the

three medians. This is the definition of a centroid.
A C
D 37. Both segments are perpendicular to a side of a triangle, and
STATEMENTS REASONS their point of intersection can fall either inside, on, or outside
of the triangle. However, the altitude does not necessarily
1. △ABC is an 1. Given bisect the side, but the perpendicular bisector does. Also, the
isosceles triangle. perpendicular bisector does not necessarily pass through the
2. —
AB ≅ —
BC 2. Definition of isosceles opposite vertex, but the altitude does.
triangle
38. All are segments that pass through the vertex of a triangle.
3. —
altitude to —
BD is an 3. Given A median connects a vertex with the midpoint of the opposite
AC . side. An altitude is perpendicular to the opposite side. An
4. —
BD ⊥ —
AC 4. Definition of altitude angle bisector bisects the angle through which it passes.
The medians of a triangle intersect at a single point, and the
5. ∠ ADB and ∠ CDB 5. Definition of perpendicular same is true for the altitudes and angle bisectors of a triangle.
are right angles. Medians and angle bisectors always lie inside the triangle, but
6. —
BD ≅ —
BD 6. Reflexive Property of altitudes may be inside, on, or outside of the triangle.
Congruence (Thm. 2.1) 1
39. Area = —2 bh
7. △ABD ≅ △CBD 7. HL Congruence Theorem
The area of the triangle in solid red is
(Thm. 5.9)

8. —
AD ≅ —
CD 8. Corresponding parts of
1
—2 ⋅ — ⋅ 3 = — = 6.75 square inches.
9
2
27
4
The special segment of the triangle used was the altitude.
congruent triangles are
congruent. —— —
40. K is the centroid and DH , EJ , and FG are medians.
9. D is the midpoint 9. Definition of midpoint a. EJ = 3KJ
of —
F
AC .
b. DK = 2KH
10. —
BD is a 10. Definition of perpendicular c. FG = —2 FK
3
J
perpendicular bisector H
d. KG = —3 FG
1 K
bisector.

31. The centroid is never on the triangle. Because medians are D

always inside a triangle, and the centroid is the point of G E
concurrency of the medians, it will always be inside the
2 1
triangle. 41. BD = —3 BF 42. GD = —3 GC

32. The orthocenter is sometimes outside the triangle. An

4x + 5 = ⋅
2
—3 9x 2x − 8 = 1
—3 (3x + 3)
orthocenter can be inside, on, or outside the triangle 4x + 5 = 6x 2x − 8 = x + 1
depending on whether the triangle is acute, right, or obtuse. 5 = 2x x=9
5
—2 =x
33. A median is sometimes the same line segment as a
perpendicular bisector. A median is the same line segment 43. AD = 2DE 44. DF = —12 BD
as the perpendicular bisector if the triangle is equilateral
or if the segment is connecting the vertex angle to the base 5x = 2(3x − 2) 4x − 1 = —12 (6x + 4)
of an isosceles triangle. Otherwise, the median and the 5x = 6x − 4 4x − 1 = 3x + 2
perpendicular bisectors are not the same segment. −x = −4 x=3
34. An altitude is sometimes the same line segment as an angle x=4
bisector. An altitude is the same line segment as the angle
bisector if the triangle is equilateral or if the segment is
connecting the vertex angle to the base of an isosceles
triangle. Otherwise, the altitude and the angle bisector are
not the same segment.

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Chapter 6
45. y 51. Given
— is a median.
△ABC is an equilateral triangle. BD
8
median Prove — is angle bisector,
BD B
perpendicular bisector,
6
3
y2 = 4 x + 5 and altitude.
4
A C
median D
(0, 2)

STATEMENTS REASONS
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 x
1. △ABC is an 1. Given
−2 y1 = 3x − 4
equilateral triangle.
2. —
AB ≅ —
AC ≅ —
median 3
−4 y3 = −2 x − 4 BC 2. Definition of equilateral
triangle
3. —
BD is a median. 3. Given
y1 = 3x − 4: Graph the x-intercept ( 0 ) and the
4
—3 ,
4. —
AD ≅ —
CD 4. Definition of median
y-intercept (0, −4).
y2 = —34x + 5: Graph the x-intercept −— ( 20
) 5. —
BD ≅ —
BD 5. Reflexive Property of
3 , 0 and the
y-intercept (0, 5). Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
3
y3 = −—2x − 4: Graph the x-intercept −—3 , 0 and the ( 8
) 6. △ABD ≅ △CBD 6. SSS Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.8)
y-intercept (0, −4).
The points of intersection that form the triangle are (4, 8), 7. ∠ADB ≅ ∠CDB, 7. Corresponding parts of
(−4, 2), and (0, −4). The equation of the median from y1 ∠ABD ≅ ∠CBD congruent triangles are
to the opposite vertex is y = 2. The equation of the median congruent.
from y2 to the opposite vertex is x = 0. The coordinates of 8. ∠ADB and ∠CDB 8. Linear Pair Postulate
the centroid are (0, 2). form a linear pair and
are supplementary.
46. right triangle; The orthocenter of a right triangle is the vertex
of the right angle. 9. ∠ADB and ∠CDB 9. If two angles are congruent
are right angles. and supplementary then
1 1
47. PE = —3 AE, PE = —2 AP, PE = AE − AP they are right angles.

— 10. —
BD ⊥ —
AC 10. Definition of perpendicular
11. —
AD ≅ —
48. a. KM is a median. It contains the centroid.
—
b. KN is an altitude. It contains the orthocenter.
CD 11. Corresponding parts of
congruent triangles are
c. The area of △JKM is
1
—2 ⋅9 ⋅h = 9
—2 h and the area of congruent.
△KLM is 9 h = 1
—2 ⋅⋅ 9
—2 h,
which indicates that the two
areas are equal. Yes, triangles formed by the median will of —
12. D is the midpoint
BC .
12. Definition of midpoint

always have the same area because they will have the 13. —
AD is a perpendicular 13. Definition of
same base length and height. bisector. perpendicular bisector
49. yes; If the triangle is equilateral, then the perpendicular 14. —
AD is an altitude. 14. Definition of altitude
bisectors, angle bisectors, medians, and altitudes will all be
the same three segments. 52. The orthocenter, circumcenter, and the centroid are all inside
the triangle. They are all three distinct points. The three
50. centroid; Because the triangles formed by the median of any concurrent points are all collinear.
triangle will always be congruent, the mass of the triangle on
y
either side of the median is the same. So, the centroid is the
A
point that has an equal distribution of mass on all sides. 4

orthocenter
3

circumcenter
2

1
B
centroid C
1 2 3 4 5 x

Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 207

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Chapter 6
53. Sample answer: The circle passes through nine significant a. STATEMENTS REASONS
points of the triangle. They are the midpoints of the sides, the
1. —
LP and —
MQ are 1. Given
midpoints between each vertex and the orthocenter, and the
medians of scalene
△LMN; — LP ≅ —
points of intersection between the sides and the altitudes.
PR ,
y — —
MQ ≅ QS
A
2. —
NP ≅ —
MP , —
LQ ≅ —
9
NQ 2. Definition of median
8
3. ∠ LPM ≅ ∠ RPN, 3. Vertical Angles
7 ∠ MQL ≅ ∠ SQN Congruence Theorem
6
(Thm. 2.6)
K I
J 4. △LPM ≅ △RPN, 4. SAS Congruence
5
D △MQL ≅ △SQN Theorem (Thm. 5.5)

5. —
NR ≅ —
LM , —
NS ≅ —
4
F LM 5. Corresponding parts of
3 congruent triangles are
E congruent.
B
6. —
NS ≅ —
2 H
G
NR 6. Transitive Property of
L C
1 Congruence (Thm. 2.1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 x b. It was shown in part (a) that △LPM ≅ △RPN and

△MQL ≅ △SQN. So, ∠ LMP ≅ ∠ RNP and

54. Given
— and MQ
LP — are medians of scalene △LMN. Point R ∠ MLQ ≅ ∠ SNQ because corresponding parts of
— LM — and
⃗ — ≅ PR
is on LP such that LP —. Point S is on ⃗
MQ such
congruent triangles are congruent. Then, NS
— —
— ≅ QS—. NR LM by the Alternate Interior Angles Converse (Thm. 3.6).
that MQ — —
Prove — ≅ NR
a. NS — c. Because NS and NR are both parallel to the same segment,
—
LM , they would have to be parallel to each other by the
— and NR
b. NS — are both parallel to LM
—. Transitive Property of Parallel Lines (Thm. 3.9). However,
c. R, N, and S are collinear. because they intersect at point N, they cannot be parallel.
So, they must be collinear.
R Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
M — 3−6 −3 1
55. Slope of AB : — = — = —
P −1 − 5 −6 2
N —: ——
Slope of CD
3−9 −6
=—=—=—
−6 1
−16 − (−4) −16 + 4 −12 2
Q — and CD
The slopes of AB — are equal, so AB
— CD
—.
L
S
— 4−6 −2
56. Slope of AB : — = — = — = −—
−2 1
5 − (−3) 5 + 3 8 4
— −7 − (−10) −7 + 10
Slope of CD : —— = — = — = —
3 1
−2 − (−14) −2 + 14 12 4
— and CD
The slopes of AB — are not equal, so AB
— is not parallel
—
to CD .

— 2 − (−3) 2 + 3 5
57. Slope of AB : — = — = — = −5
5−6 −1 −1
—: —
Slope of CD
2 − (−4) 2+4 6
= — = — = −6
−5 − (−4) −5 + 4 −1
— and CD
The slopes of AB — are not equal, so AB
— is not parallel
—
to CD .

— 2−6 −4
58. Slope of AB : — = — = — = 2
−4
−7 − (−5) −7 + 5 −2
—: —
Slope of CD
−5 − 1 −6
=—=2
4−7 −3
— and CD
The slopes of AB — are equal, so AB
— is parallel to CD
—.
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Chapter 6
6.1– 6.3 What Did You Learn? (p. 327) 4. Graph △ABC.
1. Sample answer: yes; You realize that if you construct the
segment AC—, you have created two isosceles triangles that D(−2, −1) y
A(−4, 2)
2
share vertices A and C, and a third triangle that shares the
same vertices. Then you look back at the Perpendicular
Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1) and its converse to see that points −6 2 x
(−4, −1)
D and E would have to be on the perpendicular bisector of −2
—. Then, in the same way, in order for B to also be on the same
AC
— and CB
perpendicular bisector, AB — would have to be congruent. B(−4, −4) C(0, −4)
(−2, −4)
2. Sample answer: These can be constructed with a compass
—= — −4 + (−4) 2 + (−4)
and a straightedge, or they can be constructed with geometry
software; If you construct them with geometry software, you
midpoint of AB ( 2
,—
2 )
−8 −2
create a triangle that fits the description first. Then use the
software to draw the perpendicular bisectors of each side.
(
= —, — = (−4, −1)
2 2 )
— −4 + 0 2 + (−4)
Next, label the point where these three lines meet. Finally,
draw a circle with its center at this point of intersection
(
midpoint of AC = —, —
2 2 )
−4 −2
that passes through one vertex of the triangle. It will
automatically pass through the other two vertices.
(
= —, — = (−2, −1)
2 2 ) — through its
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB
3. Sample answer: Right triangles are the only kind of midpoint (−4, −1) is y = −1.
triangles that have one of the points of intersection on the —= —
slope of AC
2 − (−4) 6
= — = −—
3
−4 − 0 −4 2
vertex of the triangle; While all segment types can be inside
— is —2.
The slope of the perpendicular line to AC
the triangle, only the perpendicular bisectors and altitudes 3
can be on or outside the triangle. y = mx + b

6.1–6.3 Quiz (p. 328)

2
⋅
−1 = — (−2) + b
3
— — VW ⊥ ⃖⃗
1. Because SW ≅ UW and ⃖⃗ SU, point V is on the 4
−1 = −— + b
—.
perpendicular bisector of SU 3

⋅ ⋅( )
4
SV = UV Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1) 3 (−1) = 3 −— + 3b
3
2x + 11 = 8x − 1 −3 = −4 + 3b
−6x + 11 = −1 1 = 3b
−6x = −12 1
—=b
3
x=2 — through its
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of AC
⋅
UV = 8x − 1 = 8 2 − 1 = 16 − 1 = 15 2 1
midpoint (−2, −1) is y = —3x + —3 .
2. ⃗
—
SQ is an angle bisector of ∠ PSR, PQ ⊥ ⃗ —
SP , and RQ ⊥ ⃗
SR . Find the point of intersection of y = −1 and y = —23x + —13.
PQ = RQ 2 1
Angle Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.3) y = —x + —
3 3
6x = 3x + 9 2 1
−1 = —x + —
3x = 9 3 3
x=3 −3 = 2x + 1

⋅
PQ = 6x = 6 3 = 18 −4 = 2x
x = −2
3. Because J is equidistant from ⃗
GH and ⃗
GK, ⃗
GJ bisects The coordinates of the circumcenter of △ABC are (−2, −1).
∠ HGK by the Angle Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.3).
m∠ HGJ = m∠ JGK
5x − 4 = 4x + 3
x−4=3
x=7
⋅
m∠ JGK = 4x + 3 = 4 7 + 3 = 28 + 3 = 31°
31° + m∠ GJK + 90° = 180° Triangle Sum Theorem
m∠ GJK + 121° = 180° (Thm. 5.1)

m∠ GJK = 59°

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Chapter 6

5. Graph △DEF. 9. y K(5, 6)

6
y
16 4

H(5, 7) H(3, 2) D(5, 2)

E(7, 9)
J(−1, 2)
8
G(9, 7) −2 4 6 x
F(11, 5) F(2, 0)
4 D(3, 5) −2
(7, 5) L(5, −2)

4 8 16 x
— is
The midpoint D of KL

—=—
slope of DF
5−5
11 − 3 8
0
=—=0 ( 5 +2 5, 6 + 2(−2) ) = ( 102 , 42 ) = (5, 2).
— — — —

— is undefined, so the
The slope of the line perpendicular to DF — is —
The slope of JD
2−2 0
= — = 0.
—
equation of the line perpendicular to DF is x = 7. 5 − (−1) 6
— through D(5, 2) is y = 2.
The equation of JD
—= — 3 + 7 5 + 9 10 14 — is
midpoint of DE
2 ( 2 2 2 )(
, — , —, — = (5, 7) ) The midpoint F of JL
5 + (−1) −2 + 2
— 9−5 4
slope of DE = — = — = 1
7−3 4
(—, — = —, — = (2, 0).
2 2
4 0
2 2 ) ( )
— is −1.
The slope of the line perpendicular to DE
— is —
The slope of KF
6−0 6
= — = 2.
5−2 3
y = mx + b y = mx + b
7 = −1 5 + b ⋅ 0=2 2+b ⋅
7 = −5 + b 0=4+b
12 = b −4 = b
— through the — through F(2, 0) is y = 2x − 4.
The equation of KF
The equation of the line perpendicular to DE
midpoint (5, 7) is y = −x + 12. The intersection of x = 7 The centroid has the coordinates of the intersection of y = 2
and y = −x + 12 is y = −7 + 12 = 5. The coordinates of and y = 2x − 4.
the circumcenter of △DFE are (7, 5). 2 = 2x − 4
6 = 2x
6. NQ = NR 7. NU = NV
3=x
2x + 1 = 4x − 9 −3x + 6 = −5x
The coordinates of the centroid are (3, 2).
−2x + 1 = −9 6 = −2x
−2x = −10 −3 = x 10. y
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 x
x=5 NU = NV = NT
N(−4, −2)
−2
NQ = NR = NS = −2x + 6 H(−4, −4) P(0, −4)
= 2x + 1 ⋅
= −3 (−3) + 6
D(−6, −4)

=2 5+1 ⋅ =9+6
M(−8, −6)
F(−4, −5)
= 11 = 15
−8

8. NZ = NY — is
The midpoint D of MN
4x − 10 = 3x − 1
−4 + (−8) −2 + (−6)
x − 10 = −1 (—, — = —, — = (−6, −4).
2 2
−12 −8
2 2 ) ( )
x=9 — is —
The slope of DP
−4 − (−4) 0
= — = 0.
⋅
NZ = NY = NW = 4x − 10 = 4 9 − 10 = 36 − 10 = 26 0 − (−6) 6
— through D(−6, −4) is y = −4.
The equation of DP
— is
The midpoint F of MP
0 + (−8) −4 + (−6) −8 −10
( —, — = —, — = (−4, −5).
2 2 2 2 ) ( )
— −2 − (−5) −2 + 5 3
The slope of NF is — = — = — = undefined.
−4 − (−4) −4 + 4 0
— through F(−4, −5) is x = −4.
The equation of NF
The centroid has the coordinates of the intersection of y = −4
and x = −4. So, the coordinates of the centroid are (−4, −4).

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Chapter 6
11. y 13. a. The point of concurrency at the center of the circle is the
T(−2, 5)
—, CG
incenter. BG —, and AG
— are angle bisectors.
6
V(2, 5)
b. Sample answer: △BGF ≅ △BGE by HL Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 5.9).
1
y = −2 x + 4 c. Because △BGF ≅ △BGE and corresponding parts of
U(0, 1)
congruent triangles are congruent, BE = BF = 3 centimeters.
−4 −2 2 4 x So, AE = 10 − 3 = 7 centimeters. Then you can use the
Pythagorean Theorem (Thm. 9.1) for △AEG to find EG,
which is the radius of the wheel.
— is —
The slope of the line containing TV
5−5 0
= — = 0.
2 − (−2) 4 AG2 = GE2 + EA2
— is undefined and
The slope of the line perpendicular to TV 82 = GE2 + 72
passes through U(0, 1). Therefore, the equation of that line 64 = GE2 + 49
is x = 0.
15 = GE2
— is —
The slope of the line containing UV
5−1 4
= — = 2.
—
GE = √15 ≈ 3.9
2−0 2
— is −—1.
The slope of the line perpendicular to UV
The radius of the wheel is about 3.9 centimeters.
2
14. a. The point of concurrency used was the centroid.
y = mx + b
1 b. The circumcenter should have been used because the
y = −—x + b
2 Circumcenter Theorem (Thm. 6.5) can be used to find a
1 point equidistant from the three points (the three cities).
5 = −—(−2) + b
2
5=1+b 6.4 Explorations (p. 329)
4=b 1. a. Check students’ work.
— containing
The equation of the line perpendicular to UV — —
b. Sample answer: The slopes of DE and AC are equal
1 — — —
which indicates that DE AC , and the length of DE
point T(−2, 5) is y = −—x + 4. 1—
2 is — AC .
2
1
The orthocenter is the intersection of x = 0 and y = −—x + 4.
2
—=—
slope of DE
3 − 4.5 −1.5
= — ≈ −0.43
5 − 1.5 3.5
1
y = −—x + 4 — ——
length of DE = √ (1.5 − 5)2 + (4.5 − 3)2 ≈ 3.8
2
—= — 1−4 −3
⋅
1 = — ≈ −0.43
y = −— 0 + 4 slope of AC
2 5 − (−2) 7
y=4 — = √——
length of AC ( 5 − (−2) )2 + (1 − 4)2 ≈ 7.6
The coordinates of the orthocenter are located on the inside c. The segment connecting the midpoints of two sides of a
of the triangle and are (0, 4). triangle is parallel to the third side and is half as long as
that side.
12. y Z(7, 4)
4
2. a. Check students’ work.
2 b. Sample answer: The triangle formed by the midsegments
of a triangle, △EFD, is similar to the original triangle,
4 6 x △ABC. The side lengths of △EFD are —12 the side lengths
−2 of △ABC.
X(−1, −4)
3. The midsegment that is formed by joining the midpoints of
Y(7, −4)
two sides is parallel to the third side and is —12 the length of the
△XYZ is a right triangle. Therefore, the orthocenter is on the third side.
triangle at the intersection of the legs, which is (7,−4).
4. UV = —12 RT T
12 = —12RT

⋅ ⋅
2 12 = 2 —12 RT
12
V

24 = RT
In △RST, if UV = 12, R U S
then RT = 24.

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Chapter 6
6.4 Monitoring Progress (pp. 330–332)
— 2 − (−1) 2 + 1 3
( 0 +2 2p 0 +2 0 ) ( 2p2 )
3. The midpoint F is —, — = —, 0 = ( p, 0).

1. Slope of DE : — = — = —
2−0 2 2
—: —
Slope of FE
r−0
=—
r
p+q−p q
— 0 − (−6) 6 3
Slope of AC : — = — = — —: —
2r − 0 r
5−1 4 2 Slope of OB =—
2q − 0 q
— equals the slope of AC
Because the slope of DE —, DE
— AC
— — and OB
— are equal, FE
— OB
—.
Because the slopes of FE
because parallel lines have equal slopes. —— —
FE = √( p + q − p)2 + (r − 0)2 = √q2 + r2
—— ——
DE = √(2 − 0)2 + ( 2 − (−1) )2 OB = √(2q− 0)2 + (2r − 0)2
— —
=√ (2)2 + (3)2 = √ 4q2 + 4r2
— — — —
= √4 + 9 = √13 = √ 4(q2 + r2) = 2√ q2 + r2
——
AC = √(5 − 1)2 + ( 0 − (−6) )2
— OB = 2FE
= √(4)2 + (6)2 1
— FE = —OB
= √16 + 36 2
= √52
—
—
4. The third midsegment is UW . If UW = 81, then
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
— —
= √4 13 = 2√ 13 ST = 2 81 = 162; therefore, VS = —12 162 = 81 inches.
—
AC = 2√ 13 S
AC = 2DE
U V
1
DE = —AC
2
2. The midpoint of AC is
— R W T

— — —
( 5 + 1 0 + (−6)
2 2 ) ( 26 −62 )
—, — = —, — = (3, −3). 5. In Example 4, DF is a midsegment; therefore, DF AB and
— = —1 AB
DF —.
— is −1 + 5, 4 + 0 = 4, 4 = (2, 2).
2
The midpoint of BC
—
( 2 2 ) (2 2) —
— — — —
6. From Peach Street to Plum Street is 2.25 miles; from
The midpoint F of AC is (3, −3) and the midpoint E of BC Plum Street to Cherry Street is 1.4 miles; from Cherry Street
is (2, 2). to Pear Street is 1.3 miles; from Pear Street to Peach Street
—: —
Slope of EF
2 − (−3) 5
= — = −5 (⋅ )
is —12 1.4 is 0.7 mile; from Pear Street back home is

—: —
2−3
−6 − 4
−1
−10
( — ⋅ 2.25 ) is 1.125 miles. The total distance is
1
2
Slope of AB = — = −5 2.25 + 1.4 + 1.3 + 0.7 + 1.125 = 6.775 miles.
1 − (−1) 2
— AB
EF — because the slopes are equal. This route was less than that taken in Example 5.

———
AB = √( 1 − (−1) )2 + (−6 − 4)2 6.4 Exercises (pp. 333–334)
——
=√ (2)2 + (−10)2 Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
—
= √4 + 100 1. The midsegment of a triangle is a segment that connects the
—
= √104 midpoints of two sides of a triangle.

⋅
— —
= √4 26 = 2√ 26 — —
2. If DE is the midsegment opposite AC in △ABC, then
——
EF = √(3 − 2)2 + (−3 − 2)2 — AC
DE — and DE — = —1 AC
— by the Triangle Midsegment
—— 2
= √(1)2 + (−5)2 Theorem (Thm. 6.8).
— —
= √1 + 25 = √ 26
— Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
AB = 2√26
3. The coordinates are D(−4, −2), E(−2, 0), and F(−1, −4).
AB = 2EF
1
EF = —AB
2

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Chapter 6
— 0 − (−2)
4. Slope of DE : — = — = 1
2 1
7. DE = —2 BC
1
8. DE = —2 AB
−2 − (−4) 2
—: —
Slope of CB
−2 − (−6) −2 + 6 4
=—=—=1
x = —12 (26) 5 = —12 (AB)
1 − (−3) 4 4 x = 13 x = 10
— equals the slope of CB
Because the slope of DE —, DE
— CB
—.
9. AE = EC 10. BE = EC
———
DE = √( −2 − (−4) )2 + ( 0 − (−2) )2 6=x x=8
—
= √(2)2 + (2)2 — — — —
— 11. JK YZ 12. JL XZ
= √4 + 4
— — — — —
⋅
— — —
= √8 = √4 2 = 2√ 2 13. XY KL 14. JY ≅ JX ≅ KL
———
CB = √( 1 − (−3) )2 + ( −2 − (−6) )2
—
— — —
15. JL ≅ XK ≅ KZ
— — —
16. JK ≅ YL ≅ LZ
= √(4)2 + (4)2
—
= √16 + 16 17. AB = —12(GL) 18. AC = —12 (HJ)

⋅
— —
= √16 2 = 4√ 2 3x + 8 = —12 (2x + 24) 3y − 5 = —12 (4y + 2)
— 1 — 1 3x + 8 = x + 12 3y − 5 = 2y + 1
Because 2√ 2 = —( 4√ 2 ), DE = —CB.
2 2 2x + 8 = 12 y−5=1
— −4 − 0 −4
5. Slope of EF : — = — = — = −4
−4 2x = 4 y=6
−1 − (−2) −1 + 2 1 x=2 HB = AC
— −6 − 2 −8 −8
Slope of AC : — = — = — = −4
−3 − (−5) −3 + 5 2 ⋅
GL = 2 2 + 24 HB = 3y − 5
— equals the slope of AC
Because the slope of EF —, EF
— AC
—. = 4 + 24 = 28 =3 6−5⋅
———
AB = —12 (28) = 14 = 18 − 5 = 13
EF = √( −1 − (−2) )2 + (−4 − 0)2
—— 19. CB = —12(GA)
= √(1)2 + (−4)2
— —
= √1 + 16 = √17 4z − 3 = —12(7z − 1)

⋅
———
AC = √( −3 − (−5) )2 + (−6 − 2)2 2(4z − 3) = 2 —12 (7z − 1)
——
= √(2)2 + (−8)2 8z − 6 = 7z − 1
—
= √4 + 64 z − 6 = −1

⋅
— —
= √4 17 = 2√ 17 z=5
— 1 — 1 GA = CB
Because √ 17 = —( 2√ 17 ), EF = —AC.
2 2
⋅
CB = 4z − 3 = 4 5 − 3 = 20 − 3 = 17
—
6. Slope of DF :
−4 − (−2) −4 + 2
— = — = −—
2 GA = 17
−1 − (−4) −1 + 4 3 — — —
— −2 − 2 −4
Slope of AB : — = — = — = −—
−4 2 20. DE is not parallel to BC . So, DE is not a midsegment. So,
1 − (−5) 1 + 5 according to the contrapositive of the Triangle Midsegment
6 3
— equals the slope of AB
—, DF
— AB
—. Theorem (Thm. 6.8), DE— does not connect the midpoints of
Because the slope of DF — —
AC and AB .
———
DF = √( −1 − (−4) )2 + ( −4 − (−2) )2
—— — — 21. The distance between first base and second base is 90 feet.
= √(3)2 + (−2)2 = √ 9 + 4 = √ 13 Because the shortstop is halfway between second and third
———
AB = √( 1 − (−5) )2 + (−2 − 2)2 bases, and the pitcher is halfway between first and third
—— bases, using the Triangle Midsegment Theorem, the distance
= √(6)2 + (−4)2
—
= √36 + 16 ⋅
between the shortstop and the pitcher is —12 90 = 45. So, the
distance between the shortstop and the pitcher is 45 feet.
⋅
— —
= √52 = √4 13
—
= 2√13
— —
Because √ 13 = —12( 2√13 ), DF = —12AB.

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Chapter 6

22. Given
—.
F is the midpoint of OC 24. Sample answer:
— BC
Prove DF — and DF = —1(BC) The crossbars on the
2 ends of the swing set
y are midsegments.
B(2q, 2r)

D(q, r) E

O(0, 0) F C(2p, 0) x

—= — 0 + 2p 25. a. The perimeter of the shaded triangle is

midpoint of OC (
2
2p
2 ) ( )
, 0 = —, 0 = F(p, 0) 8 + 8 + 8 = 24 units.
—=—
slope of DF
r
16
q−p
— 2r − 0
slope of BC = — = — = —
2r r
2q − 2p 2(q − p) q − p 8 8
— equals the slope of BC
Because the slope of DF —, DF
— BC
—.
—— —— 16 8 16
DF = √(q − p)2 + (r − 0)2 = √ (q − p)2 + r2
——
BC = √(2q − 2p)2 + (2r − 0)2
——
= √( 2(q − p) )2 + 4r2
——
= √4(q − p)2 + 4r2
—— b. The perimeter of all the shaded triangles is
= √4(q − p)2 + r2
——
= 2√(q − p)2 + r2
⋅
24 + 3(3 4) = 24 + 36 = 60 units.
16
1
Because BC = 2DF, DF = —2 BC. 4 4 4 4

—
23. An eighth segment, FG , would connect the midpoints of DL
— 4 8 8 4
—.
and EN 8
16 16
DE = —12(XY + LN) 4 4

[
= —12 —12(LN) + LN ] 4

= —14LN + —12LN
= —34LN c. The perimeter of all the shaded triangles is

FG = —34LN + LN = —78 LN ⋅ ⋅
24 + 3 12 + 9 6 = 24 + 36 + 54 = 114 units.

Because you are finding quarter segments and eighth segments, 16

use 8p, 8q, and 8r. So, L(0, 0), M(8q, 8r), and N(8p, 0). 6 6 6 6
12 12
Find the coordinates of X, Y, D, E, F, and G.
—, the coordinates are X(4q, 4r).
Because X is the midpoint of LM
6 24 6

Because Y is the midpoint of MN— , the coordinates are 16 16

6 6
Y(4q + 4p, 4r). 12
—, the coordinates are D(2q, 2r).
Because D is the midpoint of XL 6
Because E is the midpoint of YN—, the coordinates are
E(2q + 6p, 2r). 26. Two sides of the red triangle have a length of 4 tile widths. A
Because F is the midpoint of DL—, the coordinates are F(q, r). yellow segment connects the midpoints, where there are 2 tile
Because G is the midpoint of EN—, the coordinates are lengths on either side. The third red side has a length of
G(q + 7p, r). 4 tile diagonals, and the other two yellow segments meet at the
The y-coordinates of D and E are the same, so DE — has a midpoint, where there are 2 tile diagonals on either side.
slope of 0. The y-coordinates of F and G are also the same,
— has a slope of 0. LN
so FG — is on the x-axis, so its slope is 0.
— LN
Because their slopes are the same, DE — FG —.
Use the Ruler Postulate (Post. 1.1) to find DE, FG, and LN.
DE = 6p, FG = 7p, LN = 8p
Because 6p = —34(8p), DE = —34 LN. Because 7p = —78(8p),
FG = —78LN.
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Chapter 6
—
27. Construct a line (DF ) with midpoint P parallel to and twice 2. a. Check students’ work. Using the sample in the text:
—
the length of QR . Construct a line (EF —) with midpoint R AB ≈ 3.61
parallel to and twice the length of QP —. Construct a line (DE —)
— AC ≈ 5.10
with midpoint Q parallel to and twice the length of PR . The vertices
BC = 5
of the original large triangle are D(−1, 2), E(9, 8), and F(5, 0).
b. Check students’ work. Using the sample in the text:
y
10 BC = 5 < 8.71 = AC + AB
E AC = 5.10 < 8.61 = AB + BC
8

AB = 3.61 < 10.10 = BC + AC

6
Q c. Sample answer:
4
R
D A(x, y) B(x, y) C(x, y) AB AC + BC AC
A(5, 1) B(7, 4) C(2, 4) 3.61 9.24 4.24
P F
−2 2 4 8 10 x A(2, 4) B(4, −2) C(7, 6) 6.32 13.93 5.39
−2 A(1, 0) B(7, 0) C(1, 7) 6 16.22 7
A(1, 0) B(7, 0) C(5, 1) 6 6.36 4.12
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
28. Sample answer: A counterexample to show that the AB + BC BC AB + AC
difference of two numbers is not always less than the greater 8.61 5 7.85
of the two numbers is 6 and −2: 6 − (−2) = 8, which is not
less than 6, so the original conjecture is false. 14.86 8.54 11.71
15.22 9.22 13
29. Sample answer: An isosceles triangle has at least two sides
that are congruent. An isoseles triangle whose sides are 5 8.24 2.24 10.12
centimeters, 5 centimeters, and 3 centimeters is not equilateral. The length of each side is less than the sum of the other two.

6.5 Explorations (p. 335) 3. The largest angle is opposite the longest side, and the
1. a. Check students’ work. Using the sample in the text: smallest angle is opposite the shortest side; The sum of any
AC ≈ 6.08, AB ≈ 4.47, BC ≈ 3.61, m∠ A ≈ 36.03°, two side lengths is greater than the third side length.
m∠ B ≈ 97.13°, m∠ C ≈ 46.85°
4. no; The sum 3 + 4 is not greater than 10, and it is not
b. Check students’ work. Using the sample in the text, possible to form a triangle when the sum of the lengths
BC < AB < AC and m∠ A < m∠ C < m∠ B. The shortest of the two sides is less than the length of the third side.
side is opposite the smallest angle, and the longest side is
opposite the largest angle. 6.5 Monitoring Progress (pp. 336–339)
c. Sample answer: 1. Given △ABC is a scalene triangle.
A(x, y) B(x, y) C(x, y) AB AC BC Prove △ABC does not have two congruent angles.
A(5, 1) B(7, 4) C(2, 4) 3.61 4.24 5 Assume temporarily that △ABC is a scalene triangle with
∠ A ≅ ∠ B. By the Converse of Base Angles Theorem
A(2, 4) B(4, −2) C(7, 6) 6.32 5.39 8.54 (Thm. 5.7), if ∠ A ≅ ∠ B, then the opposite sides are
A(1, 0) B(7, 0) C(1, 7) 6 7 9.22 — ≅ AC
congruent: BC —. A scalene triangle cannot have two
congruent sides. So, this contradicts the given information.
m∠ A m∠ B m∠ C
So, the assumption that △ABC is a scalene triangle with two
congruent angles must be false, which proves that a scalene
78.69° 56.31° 45° triangle cannot have two congruent angles.
93.37° 38.99° 47.64° ——
2. The sides of △PQR from smallest to largest are PR , RQ , and
90° 49.4° 40.6° —
PQ . So, by the Triangle Longer Side Theorem, the angles
If one side of a triangle is longer than another side, then from smallest to largest are ∠Q, ∠P, and ∠R.
the angle opposite the longer side is larger than the angle
3. The angles of △RST from smallest to largest are ∠R, ∠T,
opposite the shorter side. Similarly, if one angle of a triangle
and ∠S. So, by the Triangle Larger Angle Theorem, the sides
is larger than another angle, then the side opposite the larger —, RS
from shortest to longest are ST —, and RT
—.
angle is longer than the side opposite the smaller angle.

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Chapter 6
4. Let x represent the length of the third side. By the Triangle —
10. Draw a segment AB . Using point A as the center, draw an
Inequality Theorem: x + 12 > 20 and 12 + 20 > x. —
arc with radius AB , then draw an arc with B as the center
x + 12 > 20 and 12 + 20 > x
— to intersect the first arc on both sides of AB
and radius AB —.
Construct a segment from one arc intersection toward the
x>8 32 > x, or x < 32 —. Label the arc-segment intersection as C
other but stop at AB
The length of the third side must be greater than 8 inches and — as G. △BGC is a right scalene
and the intersection with AB
less than 32 inches.
triangle.
5. 4 + 9 > 10 → 13 > 10 Yes C
4 + 10 > 9 → 14 > 9 Yes
9 + 10 > 4 → 19 > 4 Yes
yes; The sum of any two side lengths of a triangle is greater
than the length of the third side.

6. no; The sum 8 + 9 = 17 is not greater than 18.

A G B
7. no; The sum 5 + 7 = 12 is not greater than 12.

6.5 Exercises (pp. 340–342)

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
1. In an indirect proof, rather than proving a statement directly,
you show that when the statement is false, it leads to a
The largest angle is ∠CGB because it is the right angle and
contradiction. —, is the longest side. The smallest angle
the opposite side, CB
is ∠GCB and the opposite side, GB—, is the shortest side.
2. The longest side of a triangle is opposite the largest angle
and the shortest side is opposite the smallest angle. ——
11. The sides of △RST from smallest to largest are RT , TS , and
—. So, by the Triangle Longer Side Theorem, the angles
RS
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
from smallest to largest are ∠ S, ∠ R, and ∠ T.
3. Assume temporarily that WV = 7 inches.
——
12. The sides of △JKL from smallest to largest are KL , JL , and
4. Assume temporarily that xy is even. —
JK . So, by the Triangle Longer Side Theorem, the angles
from smallest to largest are ∠ J, ∠ K, and ∠ L.
5. Assume temporarily that ∠ B is a right angle.
— 13. The angles of △ABC from smallest to largest are ∠ C, ∠ A,
6. Assume temporarily that JM is not a median. and ∠ B. So, by the Triangle Larger Angle Theorem, the
—, BC
sides from shortest to longest are AB —, and AC
—.
7. A and C; The angles of an equilateral triangle are always 60°.
So, an equilateral triangle cannot be a right triangle. 14. The angles of △XYZ from smallest to largest are ∠ Z, ∠ X,
and ∠ Y. So, by the Triangle Larger Angle Theorem, the
8. B and C; If both ∠ X and ∠ Y have measures less than 30°, —, ZY
sides from shortest to longest are XY —, and ZX
—.
then their sum is less than 60°. Therefore, the sum of their
measures cannot be 62°. 15. m∠ M = 180° − (127° + 29°) = 24°

9. To construct a scalene triangle, draw a segment and label it The angles of △MNP from smallest to largest are ∠ M, ∠ P,
—. Ensuring that AB
—, BC
—, and AC— are all different lengths, and ∠ N. So, by the Triangle Larger Angle Theorem, the
AC
— and an arc with —, MN
sides from shortest to longest are PN —, and MP
—.
draw an arc with center A and radius AB
—
center C with radius CB . Where the two arcs intersect place
16. m∠ D = 180° − (90° + 33°) = 57°
point B.
The angles of △DFG from smallest to largest are ∠ G, ∠ D,
B
and ∠ F. So, by the Triangle Larger Angle Theorem, the
—, GF
sides from shortest to longest are DF —, and GD
—.
A C 17. x + 5 > 12
—, is the
The largest angle is ∠ ABC and the opposite side, AC x>7
longest side. The smallest angle is ∠ ACB and the opposite 5 + 12 > x
—, is the shortest side.
side, AB
17 > x or x < 17
The possible lengths of the third side are greater than
7 inches and less than 17 inches.
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Chapter 6

18. x + 12 > 18 28. Assume temporarily that the second group has 15 or more
students. Because the first group has 15 students, the total
x>6
number of students in the class would be 30 students or
12 + 18 > x more. Because the class has fewer than 30 students, the
30 > x or x < 30 assumption must be false, and the second group must have
fewer than 15 students.
The possible lengths of the third side are greater than
6 feet and less than 30 feet. 29. C; m∠ U = 180° − (84° + 48°) = 180° − 132° = 48°,
which indicates that △UTV is isosceles. By the Triangle
19. x + 24 > 40
Longer Side Theorem, UV > TV.
x > 16
30. C and D; m∠ R = 180° − (65° + 56°) = 180° − 121° = 59°;
24 + 40 > x By the Triangle Inequality Theorem, the order of the
64 > x or x < 64 angles from smallest to largest is ∠ T, ∠ R, and ∠ S.
The possible lengths of the third side are greater than The order of the sides from shortest to longest is
16 inches and less than 64 inches. RS < ST < RT ⇒ 8 < ST < RT. ST could possibly be
9 or 10, but not 7 or 8.
20. x + 25 > 25
31. Given An odd number
x>0
Prove An odd number is not divisible by 4.
25 + 25 > x
Assume temporarily that an odd number is divisible by 4.
50 > x or x < 50 Let the odd number be represented by 2y + 1 where y is a
The possible lengths of the third side are greater than positive integer. Then there must be a positive integer x such
0 meters and less than 50 meters. that 4x = 2y + 1. However, when you divide each side of the
equation by 4, you get x = —12 y + —14 , which is not an integer.
21. 6 + 7 = 13 → 13 > 11 Yes So, the assumption must be false, and an odd number is not
7 + 11 = 18 → 18 > 6 Yes divisible by 4.
11 + 6 = 17 → 17 > 7 Yes
32. Given △QRS, m∠ Q + m∠ R = 90°
yes; The sum of any two side lengths of a triangle is greater
Prove m∠ S = 90°
than the length of the third side.
Assume temporarily that in △QRS, m∠ Q + m∠ R = 90°
22. no; The sum 3 + 6 = 9 is not greater than 9. and m∠ S ≠ 90°. By the Triangle Sum Theorem (Thm. 5.1),
m∠ Q + m∠ R + m∠ S = 180°. Using the Substitution
23. no; The sum 28 + 17 = 45 is not greater than 46. Property of Equality, 90° + m∠ S = 180°. So, m∠ S = 90°
by the Subtraction Property of Equality, but this contradicts
24. 35 + 120 = 155 → 155 > 125 Yes the given information. So, the assumption must be false,
120 + 125 = 255 → 255 > 35 Yes which proves that in △QRS, if m∠ Q + m∠ R = 90°,
125 + 35 = 160 → 160 > 120 Yes then m∠ S = 90°.
yes; The sum of any two side lengths of a triangle is greater 33. The right angle of a right triangle must always be the largest
than the length of the third side. angle because the other two will have a sum of 90°. So,
25. An angle that is not obtuse could be acute or right. Assume according to the Triangle Larger Angle Theorem (Thm. 6.10),
temporarily that ∠ A is not obtuse. because the right angle is larger than either of the other
—
angles, the side opposite the right angle, which is the
26. Because 30° < 60° < 90° and 1 < √ 3 < 2, the longest side, hypotenuse, will always have to be longer than either of
which is 2 units long, should be across from the largest the legs.
angle, which is the right angle.
34. yes; If the sum of the lengths of the two shortest sides is
60° greater than the length of the longest side, then the other
2 two inequalities will also be true.
1

30°
——
√3
27. Assume temporarily that your client committed the crime.
Then your client had to be in Los Angeles, California, at the
time of the crime. Security footage shows that your client
was in New York at the time of the crime. Therefore, the
assumption must be false, and the client must be innocent.
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Chapter 6
35. a. The width of the river must be greater than 35 yards and JK + KL > JL
less than 50 yards. In △BCA, the width of the river, BA—, 40.
—
must be less than the length of CA , which is 50 yards,
x + 11 + 2x + 10 > 5x − 9
because the measure of the angle opposite BA — is less than 3x + 21 > 5x − 9
—
the measure of the angle opposite CA , which must be 50°. In −2x > −30
△BDA, the width of the river, BA—, must be greater than the
—
length of DA , which is 35 yards, because the measure of
x < 15
— is greater than the measure of the
the angle opposite BA JK + JL > KL
—
angle opposite DA , which must be 40°. x + 11 + 5x − 9 > 2x + 10
b. You could measure from distances that are closer together. 6x + 2 > 2x + 10
In order to do this, you would have to use angle measures
4x > 8
that are closer to 45°.
x>2
36. a. By the side length requirements for a triangle,
KL + JL > JK
x < 489 + 565 = 1054 kilometers and
x > 565 − 489 = 76 kilometers. 2x + 10 + 5x − 9 > x + 11
b. Because ∠2 is the smallest angle, the distance between 7x + 1 > x + 11
Granite Peak and Fort Peck Lake must be the shortest side 6x > 10
of the triangle. So, the second inequality becomes 10
x>— = —53 ≈ 1.667
6
x < 489 kilometers.
The possible values for x are x > 2 and x < 15.
37. ∠WXY, ∠ Z, ∠ YXZ, ∠WYX and ∠ XYZ, ∠W;
In △WXY, because WY < WX < YX, by the Triangle Longer 41. UV + VT > TU
Side Theorem (Thm. 6.9), m∠WXY < m∠WYX < m∠W. 3x − 1 + 2x + 3 > 6x − 11
Similarly, in △XYZ, because XY < YZ < XZ, by the Triangle 5x + 2 > 6x − 11
Longer Side Theorem (Thm. 6.9), m∠ Z < m∠ YXZ < m∠ XYZ.
Because m∠WYX = m∠ XYZ and ∠W is the only angle −x > −13
greater than either of them, you know that ∠W is the largest x < 13
angle. Because △WXY has the largest angle and one of
TU + TV > UV
the congruent angles, the remaining angle, ∠WXY, is the
smallest. 6x − 11 + 2x + 3 > 3x − 1
8x − 8 > 3x − 1
38. m∠ D + m∠ E + m∠ F = 180°
5x > 7
(x + 25)° + (2x − 4)° + 63° = 180°
x > —75 = 1—25
3x + 84 = 180
UV + TU > TV
3x = 96
3x − 1 + 6x − 11 > 2x + 3
x = 32
9x − 12 > 2x + 3
m∠D = 32 + 25 = 57°
7x > 15
⋅
m∠E = 2 32 − 4 = 60° 15
x>—
7
= 2—17
m∠F = 63°
The possible values for x are x > 2—17 and x < 13.
The order of the angles from least to greatest is
m∠ D < m∠ E < m∠ F. The order of the sides from 42. The shortest route is along Washington Avenue. By the
least to greatest is EF < DF < DE. Triangle Inequality Theorem (Thm. 6.11), the length of
Washington Avenue must be shorter than the sum of the
39. By the Exterior Angle Theorem (Thm. 5.2),
lengths of Eighth Street and View Street, as well as the sum
m∠1 = m∠ A + m∠B. Then by the Subtraction Property of
of the lengths of Hill Street and Seventh Street.
Equality, m∠1 − m∠B = m∠ A. If you assume temporarily
that m∠1 ≤ m∠B, then m∠ A ≤ 0. Because the measure
of any angle in a triangle must be a positive number, the
assumption must be false. So, m∠1 > m∠B. Similarly, by the
Subtraction Property of Equality, m∠1 − m∠ A = m∠B. If
you assume temporarily that m∠1 ≤ m∠ A, then m∠B ≤ 0.
Because the measure of any angle in a triangle must be a
positive number, the assumption must be false. So,
m∠1 > m∠ A.

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Chapter 6

43. Given BC > AB, BD = BA 47. Given △ABC

Prove m∠ BAC > m∠ C Prove AB + BC > AC, AC + BC > AB, and
AB + AC > BC
B
D B
2
1 3 2 3
A C

It is given that BC > AB and BD = BA. By the Base Angles D

1
C
A
Theorem (Thm. 5.6), m∠ 1 = m∠ 2. By the Angle Addition
Postulate (Post. 1.4), m∠ BAC = m∠ 1 + m∠ 3. So, Assume BC— is longer than or the same length as each of
m∠ BAC > m∠ 1. Substituting m∠ 2 for m∠ 1 produces — and AC
the other sides, AB —. Then AB + BC > AC and
m∠ BAC > m∠ 2. By the Exterior Angle Theorem (Thm. 5.2),
AC + BC > AB. The proof for AB + AC > BC follows.
m∠ 2 = m∠ 3 + m∠ C. So, m∠ 2 > m∠ C. Finally, because
m∠ BAC > m∠ 2 and m∠ 2 > m∠ C, you can conclude that STATEMENTS REASONS
m∠ BAC > m∠ C.
1. △ABC 1. Given

2. Extend —
44. x + x >ℓ
AC to D so 2. Ruler Postulate
2x >ℓ that —
AB ≅ —
AD . (Post. 1.1)
x > —12ℓ
3. AB = AD 3. Definition of segment
Because the sum of the lengths of the legs must be greater congruence
than the length of the base, the length of a leg must be
greater than —12ℓ. 4. AD + AC = DC 4. Segment Addition
Postulate (Post. 1.2)
45. no; If one side is 13 inches and the perimeter is 24 inches
5. ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2 5. Base Angles Theorem
(2 feet), then the other two sides would total 11 inches, but
(Thm. 5.6)
they must have a sum greater than 13 inches for a triangle
to exist. 6. m∠ 1 = m∠ 2 6. Definition of angle
congruence
46. As an example, if the 24-centimeter string is divided into
7. m∠ DBC > m∠ 2 7. Protractor Postulate
10 centimeters, 10 centimeters, and 4 centimeters, the
(Post. 1.3)
triangle is an acute isosceles triangle.
8. m∠ DBC > m∠ 1 8. Substitution Property

9. DC > BC 9. Triangle Larger Angle

Theorem (Thm. 6.10)
10 cm 10 cm 10. AD + AC > BC 10. Substitution Property

11. AB + AC > BC 11. Substitution Property

48. The perimeter of △HGF must be greater than 4 and less

4 cm
than 24; Because of the Triangle Inequality Theorem
For a right scalene triangle, the sides could be 6 centimeters, (Thm. 6.11), FG must be greater than 2 and less than 8,
8 centimeters, and 10 centimeters. GH must be greater than 1 and less than 7, and FH must
be greater than 1 and less than 9. So, the perimeter must be
greater than 2 + 1 + 1 = 4 and less than 8 + 7 + 9 = 24.

8 cm 10 cm

6 cm

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Chapter 6
—
49. Assume temporarily that another segment, PA , where A is on 3. Because the sides of the hinge do not change in length, the
plane M, is the shortest segment from P to plane M. By definition angle of the hinge can model the included angle and the
of the distance between a point and a plane, PA — ⊥ plane M. distance between the opposite ends of the hinge can model
This contradicts the given statement because there cannot the third side. When the hinge is open wider, the angle is
be two different segments that share an endpoint and are larger and the ends of the hinge are farther apart. If the hinge
both perpendicular to the same plane. So, the assumption is is open less, the ends are closer together.
false, and because no other segment exists that is the shortest
segment from P to plane M, it must be PC — that is the shortest 6.6 Monitoring Progress (pp. 345–346)
segment from P to plane M. 1. PR = PS Given
— ≅ PQ
PQ — Reflexive Property of Congruence
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (Thm. 2.1)
— —
50. The included angle between AE and BE is ∠ AEB. m∠ QPR > m∠ QPS Given
— —
51. The included angle between AC and DC is ∠ ACD. RQ > SQ Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12)

— — — is the longer segment.

RQ
52. The included angle between AD and DC is ∠ ADC.
— —
53. The included angle between CE and BE is ∠ BEC.
2. PR = PS Given
— ≅ PQ
PQ — Reflexive Property of Congruence
6.6 Explorations (p. 343) (Thm. 2.1)
1. a. Check students’ work. RQ < SQ Given
b. Check students’ work. m∠ RPQ < m∠ SPQ Converse of the Hinge Theorem
(Thm. 6.13)
c. Check students’ work.
— —
d. AC ≅ DC , because all points on a circle are equidistant ∠ SPQ is the larger angle.
— ≅ BC
from the center; BC — by the Reflexive Property of
3. Assume temporarily that the third side of the first triangle
Congruence (Thm. 2.1).
—
e. As drawn, the length of AB is 3.6 units and the length of
with the larger included angle is not longer than the third
— is 2.7 units, so AB > DB; m∠ ACB = 90° and
DB
side of the second triangle with the smaller included angle.
This means the third side of the first triangle is equal to or
m∠ DCB = 61°, so m∠ ACB > m∠ DCB; yes; the results shorter than the third side of the second triangle.
are as expected because the triangle with the longer third
side has the larger angle opposite the third side. 4. Group A: 135°
f. Sample answer: Group B: 150°
D AC BC AB BD m∠ ACB m∠ BCD Group C: 180° − 40° = 140°
Because 135° < 140° < 150°, Group C is closer to the camp
1. (4.75, 2.03) 2 3 3.61 2.68 90° 61.13° than Group B, but not as close as Group A.

2. (4.94, 2.5) 2 3 3.61 3.16 90° 75.6° 6.6 Exercises (pp. 347–348)
3. (5, 3) 2 3 3.61 3.61 90° 90° Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
1. Theorem 6.12 refers to two angles with two pairs of sides
4. (4.94, 3.5) 2 3 3.61 4 90° 104.45°
that have the same measure, just like two hinges whose sides
are the same length. Then the angle whose measure is greater
5. (3.85, 4.81) 2 3 3.61 4.89 90° 154.93°
is opposite a longer side, just like the ends of a hinge are
farther apart when the hinge is open wider.
g. If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides
of another triangle, and the included angle of the first is — —— —
2. In △ABC and △DEF, AB ≅ DE , BC ≅ EF , and AC < DF.
larger than the included angle of the second, then the third So, m∠ E > m∠ B by the Converse of the Hinge Theorem
side of the first is longer than the third side of the second. (Theorem 6.13).
2. If the included angle of one is larger than the included angle
of the other, then the third side of the first is longer than the Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
third side of the second. If the included angles are congruent, 3. m∠ 1 > m∠ 2; By the Converse of the Hinge Theorem
then you already know that the triangles are congruent by (Thm. 6.13), because ∠ 1 is the included angle in the triangle
the SAS Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.5). Therefore, the with the longer third side, its measure is greater than that
third sides are congruent because corresponding parts of of ∠ 2.
congruent triangles are congruent.

220 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Worked-Out Solutions All rights reserved.
Chapter 6
4. m∠ 1 < m∠ 2; By the Converse of the Hinge Theorem 13. Your flight:
(Thm. 6.13), because ∠ 1 is the included angle in the triangle
with the shorter third side, its measure is less than that of ∠ 2.
50 miles
160°
5. m∠ 1 = m∠ 2; The triangles are congruent by the SSS 20° H 100 miles
Congruence Theorem (Thm. 5.8). So, ∠ 1 ≅ ∠ 2 because
Friend’s flight:
corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent.

6. m∠ 1 > m∠ 2; By the Converse of the Hinge Theorem

50 miles
(Thm. 6.12), because ∠ 1 is the included angle in the triangle
30° 150°
with the longer third side, its measure is greater than that of ∠2.
100 miles
—
7. AD > CD; By the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12), because AD Because 160° >150°, the distance you flew is a greater distance
is the third side of the triangle with the larger included angle, than your friend flew by the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12).
—.
it is longer than CD
14. Your flight:
8. MN < LK; By the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12), because MN
—
is the third side of the triangle with the smaller included
—.
angle, it is shorter than LK

9. TR < UR; By the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12), because TR is

—
the third side of the triangle with the smaller included angle,
—.
it is shorter than UR

10. AC > DC; By the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12), because AC is

— 210 miles

the third side of the triangle with the larger included angle, it
—.
is longer than DC

11. Given
— ≅ YZ
XY —, m∠ WYZ > m∠ WYX W

Prove WZ > WX 110°

Z
70°
80 miles
X Y

STATEMENTS REASONS Friend’s flight:

1. —
XY ≅ —
YZ 1. Given
2. —
WY ≅ —
WY 2. Reflexive Property of
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
210 miles
3. m∠ WYZ > m∠ WYX 3. Given

4. WZ > WX 4. Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12)

50°

12. Given
— ≅ DA
BC —, DC < AB A B 130°

Prove m∠ BCA > m∠ DAC

80 miles

D C
Because 130° > 110°, the distance your friend flew is a
STATEMENTS REASONS
greater distance than the distance you flew by the Hinge
1. —
BC ≅ —
DA 1. Given Theorem (Thm. 6.12).
2. —
AC ≅ —
AC 2. Reflexive Property of 15. The measure of the included angle in △PSQ is greater than
Congruence (Thm. 2.1) the measure of the included angle in △SQR; By the Hinge
3. DC < AB 3. Given Theorem (Thm. 6.12), PQ > SR.

4. m∠ BCA > m∠ DAC 4. Converse of the Hinge

Theorem (Thm. 6.13)
Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC Geometry 221
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Chapter 6
16. 8>6 24. The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle in
LM > MJ spherical geometry must be greater than 180°; The area of
πr2
m∠ LKM > m∠ JKM spherical △ABC = —(m∠ A + m∠B + m∠C − 180°),
180°
25° > m∠ JKM where r is the radius of the sphere.
25° > 15° → Yes
25° > 22° → Yes Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
25. x° + 115° + 27° = 180° 26. 2x° + 36° = 180°
25° > 25° → No
25° > 35° → No x + 142 = 180 2x = 144

A, B; The two possible measures for ∠ JKM are 15° and 22°. x = 38 x = 72

27. 3x° = 180° 28. x° = 44°+ 64°

17. Given EF > ED and GD = GF, then m∠ EGF > m∠ DGE by
the Converse of the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.13). x = 60 x = 108

18. The angle bisector of ∠ FEG will also pass through incenter H. 6.4–6.6 What Did You Learn? (p. 349)
180°
Then, m∠ HEG + m∠ HFG + m∠ HGF = — = 90°, 1. Let n be the stage, then the side length of the new triangles in
2
each stage is 24 − n. So, the perimeter of each new triangle is
⋅
because they are each half of the measure of an angle of
(3 24 − n ). The number of new triangles is given by ( 3n − 1).
a triangle. By subtracting m∠ HEG from each side, you
So, to find the perimeter of all the shaded triangles in each
can conclude that m∠ HFG + m∠ HGF < 90°. Also,
stage, start with the total from the previous stage and add
m∠ FHG + m∠ HFG + m∠ HGF = 180° by the Triangle
⋅
( 3 24 − n )( 3n − 1 ). The perimeter of the new triangles in
⋅
Sum Theorem (Thm. 5.1). So, m∠ FHG > 90°, which means
stage 4 will be ( 3 24 − 4 )( 34 − 1 ) = 81. The total perimeter
that m∠ FHG > m∠ HFG and m∠ FHG > m∠ HGF. So,
of the new triangles and old triangles is 81 + 114 = 195 units.
FG > FH and FG > HG.
— — —— —
19. Because NR is a median, PR ≅ QR . NR ≅ NR by the
2. x + 5 > 12, x + 12 > 5, 5 + 12 > x; Because the length of
the third side has to be a positive value, the inequality
Reflexive Property of Congruence (Thm. 2.1). So, by
x + 12 > 5 will always be true. So, you do not have to
the Converse of the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.13),
consider this inequality in determining the possible values
m∠ NRQ > m∠ NRP. Because ∠ NRQ and ∠ NRP form a
of x. Solve the other two inequalities to find that the length
linear pair, they are supplementary. So, ∠ NRQ must be
of the third side must be greater than 7 and less than 19.
obtuse and ∠ NRP must be acute.
3. If △ABC is an acute triangle, then m∠ BAC < m∠ BDC and
20. 180° − (27° + 102°) = 180° − 129° = 51°
the orthocenter D is inside the triangle.
110° > 51°
B
3x + 2 > x + 3
2x > 1
x > —12
D
21. By the Exterior Angle Theorem, m∠ ABD = m∠ BDC + m∠ C.
So, m∠ ABD > m∠ BDC.
AD > BC A C
4x − 3 > 2x If △ABC is a right triangle, then m∠ BAC = m∠ BDC
2x > 3 because the orthocenter D is on vertex A, where ∠ A is the
x > —32 right angle.
B
22. By the Converse of the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.13), because
28 ft > 22 ft → AD > AB, then m∠ ACD > m∠ ACB.

23. △ABC is an obtuse triangle; If the altitudes intersect inside

the triangle, then m∠ BAC will always be less than m∠ BDC
because they both intercept the same segment, CD —. However,
because m∠ BAC > m∠ BDC, ∠ A must be obtuse, and the A
D C
altitudes must intersect outside of the triangle.

222 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

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Chapter 6

If △ABC is an obtuse triangle, then m∠ BAC > m∠ BDC and 5. Graph △LMN.
the orthocenter D is outside the triangle, where ∠ A is the
y
obtuse angle. 4

D(4, 3)
2
X(−2, 1)
B

−2 2 6 x

A C
Y(2, −3) Z(6, −3)
−4

—: m = —
Slope of YZ
−3 − (−3) −3 + 3 0
=—=—=0
6−2 4 4
— is undefined.
The slope of the line perpendicular to YZ
—= — 2 + 6 −3 + (−3)
midpoint of YZ
2
,— ( 2 )
D
8 −6
(
= —, — = (4, −3)
2 2 )
Chapter 6 Review (pp. 350–352) — is x = 4.
The equation of the line perpendicular to YZ
1. DC = 20; Point B is equidistant from A and C, and ⃖⃗
—.
BD ⊥ AC —: m = — −3 − 1 −4 −4
Slope of XY = — = — = −1
So, by the Converse of the Perpendicular Bisector Theorem 2 − (−2) 2 + 2 4
(Thm. 6.2), DC = AD = 20. — is m = 1.
The slope of the line perpendicular to XY
— — —= — −2 + 2 1 + (−3)
2. RS = 23; ∠ PQS ≅ ∠ RQS, SR ⊥ ⃗ ⃗. So,
QR, and SP ⊥ QP
by the Angle Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.3), SR = SP. This
midpoint of XY
2
,—( 2 )
0 −2
means that 6x + 5 = 9x − 4, and the solution is x = 3. So,
RS = 9(3) − 4 = 23.
(
= —, — = (0, −1)
2 2 )
y = mx + b
3. m∠ JFH = 47°; Point J is equidistant from ⃗
FG and ⃗
FH. So,
by the Converse of the Angle Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.4),
⋅
−1 = 1 0 + b
−1 = b
m∠ JFH = m∠ JFG = 47°. — through (0, −1)
The equation of the line perpendicular to XY
4. Graph △TUV. is y = x − 1.
y Intersection of x = 4 and y = x − 1:
2
x = −3 y=4−1=3

−6 −4 −2 U(0, −1) x
So, the coordinates of the circumcenter of △XYZ are (4, 3).
y=3 −2 6. By the Incenter Theorem (Thm. 6.6), x = 5.
−4

T(−6, −5) V(0, −5)

−6

— = —0, —
−1 + (−5) 0 −6
midpoint of UV
2 (2 2 2 ) (
= —, — = (0, −3) )
—= —−6 + 0 −5 + (−5) −6 −10
midpoint of TV
2 (, — = —, —
2 2 2 ) ( )
= (−3, −5)
— through
The equation of the perpendicular bisector of UV
its midpoint (0, −3) is y = −3, and the equation of the
— through its midpoint
perpendicular bisector of TV
(−3, −5) is x = −3. The point of intersection of the two
perpendicular bisectors is (−3, −3). So, the coordinates of
the circumcenter of △TVU are (−3, −3).

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Chapter 6
7. y 8. y
A(−10, 3) 2 4 6 8 x
6
F(−6, 3) B(−4, 5) E(2, −2) G(5, −2) F(8, −2)
−2
4
D(−4, 3) −4
2
E(−7, 2) C(4, −4)
−6
C(−4, 1) H(2, −5)
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 x
−8
D(2, −8)

—= — —= — 2 + 8 −2 + (−2)
midpoint of BC
−4 + (−4) 5 + 1
2( ,—
2 ) midpoint of EF
2
,— (2 )
10 −4
−8 6
(
= —, — = (−4, 3)
2 2 ) (
= —, — = (5, −2)
2 2 )
— 3−3 0 — −2 − (−8) −2 + 8 6
The slope of DG is — = — = — = 2.
The slope of AD is —— = — = 0. 5−2 3 3
−4 − (−10) 6
— through (−4, 3) is y = 3.
The equation of AD y = mx + b

— = ——
midpoint of AC
−10 + (−4) 3 + 1
( ,— ) −2 = 2 5 + b⋅
2 2 −2 = 10 + b
−14 4 −12 = b
=(
2 2)
, = (−7, 2)
— —
— through (5, −2) is y = 2x − 12.
The equation of DG
— is — 5−2 3 3
—= — 2 + 2 −2 + (−8)
The slope of BE = — = — = 1.
−4 − (−7) −4 + 7 3 midpoint of ED
2
,— ( 2 )
y = mx + b 4 −10
⋅
2 = 1 (−7) + b 2 2 (
= —, — = (2, −5) )
2 = −7 + b — −2 − (−5) −2 + 5 3 1
The slope of FH is — = — = — = —.
8−2 6 6 2
9=b
— through (−7, 2) is y = x + 9.
The equation of BE
y = mx + b

The centroid has the coordinates of the intersection of y = 3

and y = x + 9.
1
−5 = — 2 + b
2 ⋅
−5 = 1 + b
y=x+9
−6 = b
3=x+9 — through (2, −5) is y = —1x − 6.
The equation of FH 2
−6 = x
The centroid has the coordinates of the intersection of
So, the coordinates of the centroid are (−6, 3).
y = 2x − 12 and y = —12 x − 6.
1
2x − 12 = —x − 6
2
1
2x = —x + 6
2

⋅ 1
⋅
2 2x = 2 —x + 2 6
2 ⋅
4x = x + 12
3x = 12
x=4
1
⋅
y = — 4 − 6 = 2 − 6 = −4
2
So, the coordinates of the centroid are (4, −4).

224 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC

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Chapter 6
9. 2 10. y
y= x+4
5 K(−8, 5) M(0, 5)
y
G(1, 6) 4
6
H(5, 6) L(−6, 3)
2
O(3, 5.2) x = −6

2 y=x+5 −4 x
O(−6, −1)
J(3, 1)
4 6 x
x=3
—=—
slope of KM
5−5 0
=—=0
0 − (−8) 8
—=—
slope of GH
6−6 0
=—=0 — through
The equation of the line perpendicular to KM
5−1 4
— through J(3, 1)
The slope of the line perpendicular to GH
L(−3, 3) is x = −6.
is x = 3. —=—
slope of KL
5−3 2 2
= — = — = −1
−8 − (−6) −8 + 6 −2
—=—
slope of GJ
6−1 5
= −— — is 1.
1−3 2 The slope of the line perpendicular to KL
— is —2.
The slope of the line perpendicular to GJ
5 y = mx + b
y = mx + b
⋅
5=1 0+b
2
6=— 5+b
5 ⋅ 5=b
y=x+5
6=2+b
— that passes
The equation of the line perpendicular to KL
4=b
— that passes through M(0, 5) is y = x + 5.
The equation of the line perpendicular to GJ
The orthocenter is the intersection of x = −6 and y = x + 5.
2
through H(5, 6) is y = —x + 4. y=x+5
5
2
The orthocenter is the intersection of x = 3 and y = — x + 4. y = −6 + 5
5 y = −1
2
y=— 3+4
5 ⋅ The orthocenter of △KLM is outside the triangle with
6 20 coordinates (−6, −1).
y=—+—
5 5 —
y=—
26 ( −6 +2 (−6) 8 +2 4 )
11. midpoint of AB = —, —
5
−12 12
=(
2 2)
The orthocenter of △GHJ is inside the triangle with — —
, = (−6, 6)
26
5( )
coordinates 3, — . — = −6 + 0, 8 + 4 = −6, 12 = (−3, 6)
midpoint of AC ( 2 2 ) ( 2 2)
— — — —

— = −6 + 0, 4 + 4 = −6, 8 = (−3, 4)
midpoint of BC ( 2 2 ) ( 2 2)
— — — —

The coordinates of the midsegments of △ABC are (−6, 6),

(−3, 6), and (−3, 4).

—
( −32+ 3 1 +2 5 ) ( 02 62 )
12. midpoint of DE = —, — = —, — = (0, 3)

— = −3 + 1, 1 + (−5)
midpoint of DF ( 2 2 )
— —

−2 −4
=( ,
2 2 )
— — = (−1, −2)

— = 3 + 1, 5 + (−5) = 4, 0 = (2, 0)
midpoint of EF ( 2 2 ) (2 2)
— — — —

The coordinates of the midsegments of △DEF are (0, 3),

(−1, −2), and (2, 0).

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Chapter 6

13. x + 4 > 8 4. WY = WZ Angle Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.3)

x>4 6x + 2 = 9x − 13
4+8>x −3x = −15
12 > x, or x < 12 x=5
The possible lengths for the third side of the triangle with
sides 4 inches and 8 inches are 4 in. < x < 12 in.
⋅
WY = 6x + 2 = 6 5 + 2 = 32

5. By the Incenter Theorem (Thm. 6.6), the incenter point is

14. x + 6 > 9 equidistant to each side of the triangle. Because WC = 20,
x>3 BW = 20.
6+9>x 6. AB > CB; By the Hinge Theorem (Thm. 6.12)
15 > x, or x < 15
7. m∠ 1 < m∠ 2; By the Converse of the Hinge Theorem
The possible lengths for the third side of the triangle with
(Thm. 6.13)
sides 6 meters and 9 meters are 3 m < x < 15 m.
8. m∠ MNP < m∠ NPM; By the Triangle Larger Angle
15. x + 11 > 18
Theorem (Thm. 6.10)
x>7
11 + 18 > x 9. y
C(0, 6)
29 > x, or x < 29 x=2
4
The possible lengths for the third side of the triangle with y=2 circumcenter
sides 11 feet and 18 feet are 7 ft < x < 29 ft. E(2, 2)
D(1.3, 0.7)
centroid
16. Given △XYZ, XY = 4, and XZ = 8
−2 4 6 x
Prove YZ > 4 A(0, −2)
orthocenter B(4, −2)
Assume temporarily that YZ > 4. Then it follows that either
YZ < 4 or YZ = 4. If YZ < 4, then XY + YZ < XZ because Circumcenter:
4 + YZ < 8 when YZ < 4. If YZ = 4, then XY + YZ = XZ —= — 0 + 4 −2 + (−2)
because 4 + 4 = 8. Both conclusions contradict the Triangle midpoint of AB
2( ,—
2 )
4 −4
Inequality Theorem (Thm. 6.11), which says that
XY + YZ > XZ. So, the temporary assumption that YZ > 4 (
= —, — = (2, −2)
2 2 )
cannot be true. This proves that in △XYZ, if XY = 4 and — through (2, −2) is x = 2.
The line perpendicular to AB
XZ = 8, then YZ > 4.
— = —0, —
6 + (−2) −4
17. Given that m∠ QRT > m∠SRT, by the Hinge Theorem
midpoint of AC
2 ( 2 2 ) (
= 0, — = (0, 2) )
(Thm. 6.12), QT > ST. — through (0, 2) is y = 2.
The line perpendicular to AC
The intersection of x = 2 and y = 2 is (2, 2).
18. Given that QT > ST, by the Converse of the Hinge Theorem
(Thm. 6.13), m∠ QRT > m∠SRT. The coordinates of the circumcenter are (2, 2).
Orthocenter:
Chapter 6 Test (p. 353) — is —
The slope of AC
6 − (−2) 8
= — = undefined.
0−0 0
1. By the Triangle Midsegment Theorem (Thm. 6.8), — through
⋅
x = —12 12 = 6. The equation of the line perpendicular to AC
B(4, −2) is y = −2.
2. By the definition of midpoint, x = 9. — is —
The slope of AB
−2 − (−2) 0
= — = 0.
4−0 4
3. RS = ST Perpendicular Bisector — through C(0, 6)
The equation of the line perpendicular to AB
Theorem (Thm. 6.1)
is x = 0.
3x + 8 = 7x − 4
The intersection of x = 0 and y = −2 is (0, −2).
−4x = −12
The coordinates of the orthocenter are (0, −2).
x=3
⋅
Centroid:
ST = 7 3 − 4 = 21 − 4 = 17
The slope of the line that contains B(4, −2) and the
—, (0, 2), is —
midpoint of AC
2 − (−2) 4
= — = −1.
0−4 −4
The equation of the line that contains B(4, −2) and the
—, (0, 2), is y = −x + 2.
midpoint of AC
226 Geometry Copyright © Big Ideas Learning, LLC
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Chapter 6
The slope of the line that contains C(0, 6) and the midpoint 13. 7 + x > 9
—, (2, −2), is —
of AB
−2 − 6 −8
= — = −4. x>2
2−0 2
The equation of the line that contains C(0, 6) and the 7+9 > x
—, (2, −2), is y = −4x + 6.
midpoint of AB 16 > x
The intersection of y = x + 2 and y = −4x + 6 is: The possible lengths of Pine Avenue are
−x + 2 = −4x + 6 2 miles < x < 16 miles.
3x = 4 14. 9 miles; Because the path represents the shortest distance
4 from the beach to Main Street, it must be perpendicular to
x=—
3 Main Street, and you ended up at the midpoint between
4 4 6 2
y = −— + 2 = −— + — = — your house and the movie theater. So, the trail must be the
3 3 3 3
perpendicular bisector of the portion of Main Street between
4 2
The coordinates of the centroid are —, — .
3 3 ( ) your house and the movie theater. By the Perpendicular
Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.1), the beach must be the same
10. Given
— ≅ QR
PQ — ≅ PR
— R distance from your house and the movie theater. So, Pine
Prove ∠R ≅ ∠P ≅ ∠Q Avenue is the same length as the 9-mile portion of Hill Street
between your house and the beach.

15. To determine the placement of the market, construct the

P Q perpendicular bisectors of each side. Where they intersect is
Assume temporarily that △PQR is equilateral and the ___location of the market.
equiangular. Then it follows that m∠ P ≠ m∠ Q, your
m∠ Q ≠ m∠ R, or m∠ P ≠ m∠ R. By the contrapositive of house
the Base Angles Theorem (Thm. 5.6), if m∠ P ≠ m∠ Q,
then PR ≠ QR, if m∠ Q ≠ m∠ R, then QP ≠ RP, and
if m∠ P ≠ m∠ R, then PQ ≠ RQ. All three conclusions
market
contradict the fact that △PQR is equilateral. So, the beach
temporary conclusion must be false. This proves that if movie
△PQR is equilateral, it must also be equiangular. theater

11. By the Triangle Midsegment Theorem (Thm. 6.8),

GH = —12 FD. By the markings EG = GD. By the Segment Chapter 6 Standards Assessment (pp. 354–355)
Addition Postulate (Post. 1.2), EG + GD = ED. So, when 1. The definitions that are needed to prove the Converse of the
you substitute EG for GD, you get EG + EG = ED, Perpendicular Bisector Theorem (Thm. 6.2) are the definition
or 2(EG) = ED, which means that EG = —12 ED. of perpendicular bisector and the definition of segment
So, the area of △GEH = —12bh congruence.
= —12 (EG)(GH) 2. Given
— is the perpendicular bisector of DF
YG —.
( )(
= —12 —12ED —12 FD ) Prove △DEY ≅ △FEY
= —18 (ED)(FD).
Y
Note that the area of △DEF = —12bh = —12 (ED)(FD).
[
So, the area of △GEH = —18(ED)(FD) = —14 —12 (ED)(FD) ] = —A.1
4 D E F

12. hiker 2

40° 1.8 miles X G Z

4 miles 128°
1.8 miles 140° Visitor 4 miles 52°
Center
hiker 1

Hiker one: 180° − 40° = 140°

Hiker two: 180° − 52° = 128°
Because 140° > 128°, the first hiker is farthest from the
visitor center, because the longer side is opposite the
larger angle.

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Chapter 6

STATEMENTS REASONS 5. Given

— ≅ AC
AB —
—
1. YG is the perpendicular 1. Given Prove ∠B ≅ ∠C
—
bisector of DF . B

2. —
DE ≅ — YG ⊥ —
EF , — DF 2. Definition of
A D
perpendicular bisector
3. ∠ DEY and ∠ FEY are 3. Definition of C
right angles. perpendicular lines
STATEMENTS REASONS
4. ∠ DEY ≅ ∠ FEY 4. Right Angles Congruence
Theorem (Thm. 2.3) 1. Draw ⃖⃗
AD, the angle 1. Construction of angle
5. —
YE ≅ —
YE 5. Reflexive Property of bisector of ∠ CAB. bisector
Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
2. ∠ CAD ≅ ∠ BAD 2. Definition of angle bisector

3. —
AB ≅ —
6. △DEY ≅ △FEY 6. SAS Congruence
AC 3. Given
Theorem (Thm. 5.5)

3. B; 4. —
DA ≅ —
DA 4. Reflexive Property of
—= — 1+5 5+2 Congruence (Thm. 2.1)
midpoint of MN ( 2 2 ) ( )
6 7
, — = —, — = (3, 3.5)
2 2 5. △ADB ≅ △ADC 5. SAS Congruence Theorem
—
The slope of the equation that contains the midpoint of MN (Thm. 5.5)
through L(3, 8):
6. ∠ B ≅ ∠ C 6. Corresponding parts of
8 − 3.5 4.5
slope = — = — = undefined congruent triangles are
3−3 0
congruent.
The equation of the line is x = 3.
—= — 3+5 8+2 —
midpoint of LN ( 2 2 ) ( )
8 10
, — = —, — = (4, 5)
2 2
—
6. a. Let T be the midpoint of QR . The coordinates of T are
−3 + 3 8 + 6
The slope of the equation that contains the midpoint of LN
through M(1, 5):
( 2 2
0 14
—, — = —, — = (0, 7).
2 2 ) ( )
—. The coordinates of U are
Let U be the midpoint of SR
5−5 0 3+1 6+2
slope = — = — = 0
4−1 3 ( 2 2 ) ( )
4 8
—, — = —, — = (2, 4).
2 2
—. The coordinates of V are
The equation of the line is y = 5. Let V be the midpoint of QS
−3 + 1 8 + 2 −2 10
The intersection of x = 3 and y = 5 is (3, 5). So, the
coordinates of the centroid are (3, 5). (—, — = —, — = (−1, 5).
2 2 2 2) ( )
The coordinates of the midsegments of the triangle are
4. In Step 1, the constructed line connects two points that T(0, 7), U(2, 4), and V(−1, 5).
are each equidistant from both A and B. So, it is the
perpendicular bisector of AB—, and therefore every point y
Q
8
on the line is equidistant from A and B. In Step 2, the T
constructed line connects two points that are each equidistant R
from both B and C. So, it is the perpendicular bisector of BC—,
V
and therefore every point on the line is equidistant from U
B and C. So, the point where these two lines intersect is
2
equidistant from all three points. So, the circle with this point S
as the center that passes through one of the points will also
−4 −2 2 4 x
pass through the other two.

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Chapter 6
— 7−5
b. slope of TV = — = — = 2
2
0 − (−1) 1
—=—
slope of SR
6−2 4
=—=2
3−1 2
— RS
Because the slopes are the same, TV —.
—=—
slope of VU
4−5 −1
= — = −—
1
2 − (−1) 3 3
— 6−8
slope of QR = — = — = −—
−2 1
3 − (−3) 6 3
— —
Because the slopes are the same, VU QR.
— = — = −—
slope of TU
7 − 4 3
0−2 2
— 8−2
slope of QS = — = — = −—
6 3
−3 − 1 −4 2
— —
Because the slopes are the same, TU QS.
—— — —
TV = √ (0 − (−1))2 + (7 − 5)2 = √ 1 + 4 = √5
—— —
SR = √(3 − 1)2 + (6 − 2)2 = √4 + 16

⋅
— — —
= √20 = √ 4 5 = 2√ 5
— 1 — 1
Because √ 5 = —( 2√ 5 ), TV = — SR.
——
2 2 — —
VU = √(2 − (−1))2 + (4 − 5)2 = √ 9 + 1 = √10
—— —
QR = √(−3 − 3)2 + (8 − 6)2 = √ 36 + 4

⋅
— — —
= √40 = √ 4 10 = 2√ 10
— 1 — 1
Because √ 10 = —( 2√ 10 ), VU = — QR.
——
2 2
— —
TU = √(0 − 2)2 + (7 − 4)2 = √4 + 9 = √13
—— —
QS = √(−3 − 1)2 + (8 − 2)2 = √ 16 + 36

⋅
— — —
= √52 = √ 4 13 = 2√ 13
— 1 — 1
Because √ 13 = —( 2√ 13 ), TU = —QS.
2 2
7. yes; Because translations are rigid motions, the image will be
congruent to the original triangle after the translation. Then,
because dilations are similarity motions, the image after the
dilation will be similar to the previous image and the original
triangle.
1 − (−1)
8. The slope of ⃖⃗
2
BD is — = —.
4−1 3
2 − (−2) 4 2
The slope of ⃖⃗
B′D′ is — = — = —.
8−2 6 3
BD is equal to the slope of ⃖⃗
Because the slope of ⃖⃗ B′D′,
⃖⃗.
⃖⃗ B′D′
BD

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