†iRvKvi mnevm 1

†iRvKvi mnevm
AvLZviæ¾vgvb AvRv`

†iRvKvi mnevm 2
 †iRvKvi mnevm
AvLZviæ¾vgvb AvRv`
cÖ_g cÖKvk
A‡±vei 2023

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cÖ”Q`
†mwjg †nv‡mb mvRy
eY©web¨vm
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we‡kl K…ZÁZv
bvRgyj nK f~uBqv ivRxe I nvmvb †gvi‡k`
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[email protected]

†iRvKvi mnevm 3
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†gvnv¤§` Avwidzj nvmvb †PŠayix
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†iRvKvi mnevm 4
GB eB‡qi evbvb-bxwZ
24 †m‡Þ¤^i 2023

hviv Avgvi †jLvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ bb, GB eB‡q e¨eüZ wKQz-wKQz evbvb †`‡L
Zviv wbN©vZ AuvZ‡K DV‡eb| H evbvb¸‡jv nRg Ki‡ZI Zv‡`i †ek Kó
n‡e| Zv‡`i D‡Ï‡k wKQz K_v e‡j ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
we‡`kx k‡ã C-Kvi wKsev C e¨envi bv Kivi weavb K‡i‡Q evsjv
A¨vKv‡Wwg| eûj cÖPwjZ I cÖwZwôZ †ek wKQz we‡`kx k‡ãI, ZvB, Avwg C-
Gi cwie‡Z© B e¨envi K‡iwQ; C-Kv‡ii cwie‡Z© e¨envi K‡iwQ B-Kvi| GB
eB‡q B`, Bgvb, Bkc, BMj BZ¨vw` evbvb †`Lv hv‡e| we‡`kx kã e‡j
kwn`, gybwk, Avmvwg, Bmjvwg, evw`, weevw`, KvwR, nvwR, bwe, †`Iqvwb,
†dŠR`vwi, mywcÖg, w¯úKvi, Avwcj BZ¨vw` evbv‡b †`Lv hv‡e B-Kvi| G
†¶‡Î ¯’vb I cÖwZôv‡bi bvg‡K evsjv A¨vKv‡Wwg Qvo w`‡jI Avwg w`Bwb|
gybwkMÄ, †dwb, MvwRcyi I ivRkvwn evbv‡b Avwg B-Kvi e¨envi K‡iwQ; B-
Kvi e¨envi K‡iwQ GgbwK AvIqvwg wjM, QvÎwjM, Rvnvw½ibMi, cyevwj
e¨vsK, iæcvwj e¨vsK, †mvbvwj e¨vsK BZ¨vw` †¶‡ÎI| D”Pvi‡Yi mv‡_
mvgÄm¨ †i‡L wKQz `šÍ¨ m-Gi Ici Avwg A‡¯¿vcPvi K‡iwQ| GB eB‡q
kv`v, wn‡ke, wRwbk, Lvjvk, kvM‡i`, Bï, wUï, kewR, BbwkI‡iÝ BZ¨vw`
evbvb †`Lv hv‡e| wb®úÖ‡qvRb weavq †fby, †gby, Bï, wUï, UªvBeybvj †_‡K h-
djv †Qu‡U †d‡jwQ|
wKQz †`k I kn‡ii bv‡g †¯úm _vK‡jI evsjvq †jLvi mg‡q †Kb †hb
†¯úm †`Iqv nq bv| †`k I kn‡ii bv‡g Avwg h_vh_ †¶‡Î †¯úm e¨envi
K‡iwQ| kÖx j¼v, wbD wRj¨vÛ, cvcyqv wbD wMwb BZ¨vw` †`‡ki bv‡g Ges
wbD BqK©, †Kc UvDb, Kzqvjv jvgcyi, ns Ks, jv cvR BZ¨vw` kn‡ii bv‡g
†¯úm ivLv KZ©e¨| †`‡ki bv‡gi e½vbyev` AcÖ‡qvRbxq weavq Avwg
†iRvKvi mnevm 5
hy³ivóª‡K eiveiB BDGmG Ges hy³ivR¨‡K BD‡K ev weª‡Ub wjwL| wgki‡K
BwRÞ, ivwkqv‡K ivkv, Pxb‡K Pvqbv, Zzi¯‹‡K ZzwK©‡q †jLvi †Póv Ki‡jI
Abf¨¯ÍZvekZ Zv †c‡i DwVwb|
†h evbvb¸‡jv‡K Avwg eR©b K‡iwQ; Ggb bv †h, †m¸‡jv fzj ev Aï×| †mB
evbvb¸‡jv‡K ms¯‹vi Kiv Riæwi n‡q c‡o‡Q e‡j g‡b Kwi| GB be¨
evbvb¸‡jv me©Rbwk‡ivavh© bv| G¸‡jv mevi gvb‡Z n‡eÑ GgbI K_v †bB|
gvb‡j fv‡jv, bv gvb‡j ¶wZ †bB| DwjøwLZ evbvb¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i
gvbwmKfv‡e cÖ¯yZ
Í _vK‡jB n‡jv|

†iRvKvi mnevm 6
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¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i cybe©vm‡b AvIqvwg wj‡Mi f‚wgKv
09

AvIqvwg wj‡Mi RvgvqvZfxwZ I RvgvqvZcÖxwZ

33

gyw³hy×Kvjxb Gikv`, gyw³hy×cieZ©x Gikv` Ges †iRvKvi cybe©vmb

42

weGbwc ¯^vaxbZvi †Kvb c‡¶i `j?

64

gyw³hy× ebvg ¯^vaxbZvhy× : `yiwfmwÜi wZjbKkv

95

†iRvKvi mnevm 7
†iRvKvi mnevm 8
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i cybe©vm‡b AvIqvwg wj‡Mi
f‚wgKv
24 †m‡Þ¤^i 2023

gyw³hy×-DËi evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb¶gZv wQj g~jZ AvIqvwg wjM,

weGbwc I RvZxq cvwU©i nv‡Z| weGbwc I RvZxq cvwU©i cÖwZôvZviv
(wRqvDi ingvb I û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv`) ¶gZvq AwawôZ n‡qwQ‡jb
†mbvcÖavb wn‡k‡e| ¶gZv `LjKv‡j Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `j
wQj bv, `yRbB ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡i‡Qb ¶gZvcÖvß nIqvi c‡i|
ejvB evûj¨Ñ gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q ev gyw³hy‡×i Av‡M wRqv-Gikv‡`i
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRbxwZ‡Z
Zviv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB cÖvmw½K wQ‡jb bv| d‡j, wRqv-Gikv` †mbvkvmK
wn‡k‡e ev weGbwc-RvZxqcvwU© `jxqfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i‡K ivRbxwZ‡Z Kxfv‡e cybe©vwmZ K‡i‡Q, Zv wnkve
Kiv mnR I mij‰iwLK| e‡j w`‡jB n‡q hvqÑ wRqv-Gikv` ev
weGbwc-RvZxqcvwU© AgyK-AgyK ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K gš¿x-cÖavbgš¿x
evwb‡q‡Q ev `‡j c` w`‡q‡Q| AvIqvwg wjM 1996 †_‡K 2001 ch©šÍ
ev 2008 †_‡K A`¨vewa ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i‡K Kxfv‡e cybe©vwmZ
K‡i‡Q, ZvI wnkve Kiv mnR| mnR bv AvIqvwg wjM 1972-Gi
Rvbyqvwi †_‡K 1975-Gi AvM÷ ch©šÍ ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i‡K Kxfv‡e
cybe©vwmZ K‡i‡Q| GB wnkve †gv‡UB mij‰iwLK bv, eis hvicibvB
RwUj I †Mvj‡g‡j| GB †Mvjgvj ixwZg‡Zv †`kwefv‡Mi i¨vWwK¬d
†iv‡q`v‡`i g‡Zv| GB †Mvj‡g‡j wnkve Kl‡Z gbw¯’i KivUvI AZ¨šÍ
`yiƒn GKUv e¨vcvi|
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax `j ej‡Z eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k g~jZ Rvgvqv‡Z
Bmjvwg‡KB †P‡b| AvšÍR©vwZK Aciva Av`vjZ hv‡`i‡K g„Zz¨`Ð,
Avg„Zz¨ Kviv`Ð ev beŸB eQ‡ii Kviv`Ð w`‡q‡Q; `y-GKRb ev‡`
Zv‡`i mevB †h‡nZz Rvgvqv‡Z BmjvwgiB †bZv wQ‡jb, †mRb¨B GB

†iRvKvi mnevm 9
aviYvi m~ÎcvZÑ GKgvÎ Rvgvqv‡Z BmjvwgB evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i
we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj| wKš‘ GKB KvR K‡iwQj Av‡iv A‡bK ivR‰bwZK
`j| G‡`i g‡a¨ cvwK¯Ívb †W‡gv‡μwUK cvwU©, †bRv‡g Bmjvg, gymwjg
wj‡Mi GKvwaK kvLv I K…lK-kÖwgK cvwU© D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Awef³
cvwK¯Ív‡bi msL¨vMwiô ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bZv †kL gywReyi ingvb
†MÖßvi nIqvi Av‡M evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi ci AvIqvwg
wj‡MiB A‡bK †bZv Zv wek¦vm Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb ev †g‡b wb‡Z
cv‡ibwb| 1970-Gi wbe©vP‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i
GK‡kv EbmËi Avm‡bi g‡a¨ †h GK‡kv mvZlwÆ Avmb AvIqvwg wjM
†c‡qwQj, †mB GK‡kv mvZlwÆR‡bi mK‡jB †h evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv
†P‡qwQ‡jb; Zv bq| Zv‡`i †KD-†KD eis ALÐ cvwK¯ÍvbB
†P‡qwQ‡jb, †P‡qwQ‡jb 1970-Gi wbe©vP‡bi djvdj Abyhvqx Awef³
cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmb¶gZvi Askx`vi n‡Z| AvIqvwg wj‡Mi GB GK‡kv
mvZlwÆ mvsm‡`i g‡a¨ KÕRb ALÐ cvwK¯Ívb †P‡qwQ‡jb, cvwK¯Ív‡bi
ALÐZv i¶vq KÕRb gyw³hy×Kv‡j cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡K mwμq
mn‡hvwMZv K‡iwQ‡jb, KÕRb MYnZ¨v msNU‡b cÖZ¨¶ f‚wgKv
†i‡LwQ‡jb; Gi nw`m GLb Avi cvIqv hvq bv| gyw³hy‡×i c‡i Zv‡`i
Kvi Kx cwiYwZ n‡qwQj, ZvI wek`fv‡e Rvbv hvq bv| Kv‡ji M‡f© Zv
Mv‡qe n‡q †M‡Q ev Mv‡qe K‡i †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GUzKz Rvbv hvqÑ
gyw³hy‡× cvwK¯Ívb‡K mg_©b †`Iqv AvIqvwg wj‡Mi mvsm`‡`i mevB‡K
`j †_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv n‡qwQj| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k mvaviY wbe©vPb
nIqvi AvM ch©šÍ Zv‡`i‡KB mvsm` wn‡k‡e AšÍfy³ © Kiv n‡qwQj,
1970-Gi wbe©vP‡b wbe©vwPZ Awef³ cvwK¯Ív‡bi RvZxq cwil` m`m¨
I c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ‡`wkK cwil‡`i m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ hviv gyw³hy‡×
evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b K‡iwQj|
1971 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i wQ‡jb gymwjg wjM-†bZv Wv.
Ave`yj gyZvwje gv‡jK| H eQ‡ii 17 †m‡Þ¤^i cvwK¯Ívb miKvi Wv.
gv‡jK‡K cÖavb K‡i c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ †PŠÏ m`m¨-wewkó GKUv
gwš¿mfv MVb K‡i| †mB gwš¿mfv cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q

†iRvKvi mnevm 10
c`Z¨vMcÎ `vwLj K‡i 14 wW‡m¤^i| c`Z¨v‡Mi AvM ch©šÍ Zviv
MYnZ¨v cwiPvjbvq cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡K me©‡Zvfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡ib|
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi H GK‡kv mvZlwÆ cÖv‡`wkK cwil`m`‡m¨i ga¨ †_‡K
AšÍZ `yRb m`m¨ gv‡jK gwš¿mfvq †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zviv n‡jb
Ievq`yjøvn gRyg`vi I kvgmyj nK| Aek¨ PÆMÖv‡giB AvIqvwg wjM-
†bZv eLwZqviDwÏb †PŠayix `vwe K‡i‡QbÑ ÔPÆMÖv‡gi mxZvKz‡Ði
Aa¨vcK kvgmyj nK Avi †dbxi mvsm` wcÖwÝcvj Ievq`yjøvn gRyg`vi
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi Kg©x wQ‡jb bv| PÆMÖvg †Rjv AvIqvwg wj‡Mi mvaviY
m¤úv`K GgG AvwR‡Ri Aby‡iv‡a e½eÜz Zv‡`i g‡bvbqb
w`‡qwQ‡jb| e½eÜz GgG AvwRR‡K LyeB †mœn Ki‡Zb| GgG AvwRR
e½eÜzi Ici cÖfve LvUv‡Z cvi‡Zb| Aa¨vcK kvgmyj nK Avi
PÆMÖv‡gi cwUqv K‡j‡Ri wcÖwÝcvj Ievq`yjøvn gRyg`vi wQ‡jb GgG
AvwR‡Ri e¨w³MZ eÜz|Õ (20 †deªæqvwi 2020, evsjv wUªweDb) Z‡e,
DwjøwLZ `yB †bZv †h `‡jiB nb bv †Kb, BwZnv‡m †jLv _vK‡eÑ
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi g‡bvbq‡b 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b wbe©vwPZ `yB mvsm`
KzL¨vZ gv‡jK gwš¿mfvq †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb|
1972 mv‡ji `vjvj AvB‡b †h muvBwÎk nvRvi ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K
†MÖßvi Kiv n‡qwQj, Zv‡`iI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKUv Ask AvIqvwg wj‡Mi
wewfbœ ch©v‡qi †bZvKg©x wQ‡jb| nZ¨v, al©Y, AwMœms‡hvM, jyUZivRÑ
`vjvj Av‡`‡ki AvIZvq †MÖßvi‡`i g‡a¨ hv‡`i weiæ‡× GB PviwU
mywbw`©ó Awf‡hvM wQj bv, Zv‡`i Rb¨ †kL gywReyi ingvb †h ÔmvaviY
¶gvÕ †NvlYv K‡iwQ‡jb ev Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb; Gi †cQ‡b AmsL¨
KviY wQj| evsjv‡`kx †`vmi‡`i wePvi Kiv n‡j cvwK¯Ívb miKvi
GKvˇi cvwK¯Ív‡b AvUKv-cov evOvwj‡`i‡K †diZ bv w`‡q ew›` K‡i
ivL‡e, AvU‡K-cov‡`i g‡a¨ †h †emvgwiK Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvixiv
evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ KvR K‡iwQ‡jbÑ Zv‡`i‡K wePv‡ii gy‡LvgywL Kiv
n‡e, evOvwj †mbvKg©KZ©vi g‡a¨ hviv cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K cvwj‡q
evsjv‡`‡k Avm‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jbÑ †KvU© gvk©vj ewm‡q Zv‡`i‡KI
wePv‡ii AvIZvq Avbv n‡e, Ô¸ßPie„wË'i Awf‡hv‡M wePvi Kiv n‡e

†iRvKvi mnevm 11
`yB‡kv cuvPRb evOvwj †mbvKg©KZ©vi; evsjv‡`kx †`vmi‡`i GKvs‡ki
Rb¨ †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi ÔmvaviY ¶gvÕ †NvlYvi e„nËg KviY wQj
GwU| Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvwbi `j b¨v‡ciI A‡bK †bZvKg©x
gyw³hy‡×i mwμq we‡ivwaZv K‡i `vjvj AvB‡b †MÖßvi n‡q Kviv‡fvM
KiwQ‡jb| d‡j, `vjvj AvBb evwZ‡ji `vwe‡Z wZwbI Amn‡hvM
Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb, AvgiY Abk‡bi WvK w`‡qwQ‡jb|
AvIqvwg wjM †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmv †bZv‡`i mgš^‡q MwVZ RvZxq
mgvRZvwš¿K `jI (Rvm`) `vjvj AvB‡bi we‡ivax wQj| Iw`‡K
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †h †bZviv gyw³hy‡×i mwμq we‡ivwaZv K‡i `vjvj
AvB‡b †Rj LvUwQ‡jb, Zv‡`i gyw³‡hv×v AvZ¥xq¯^RbivI miKv‡ii
Kv‡Q Z`wei Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb ¯^-¯^ ¯^Rb‡K †Q‡o †`Iqvi Rb¨ ev kvw¯Í
Kwg‡q †`Iqvi Rb¨| d‡j, ÔmvaviY ¶gvÕ †NvlYv Qvov Z¨³wei³
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Avi wKQzB Kivi wQj bv| 1973 mv‡j ÔmvaviY
¶gvÕ †NvlYvi ci Avi GKRb‡KI `vjvj AvB‡b †MÖßvi Kiv nqwb|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡eÑ ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i Rb¨ ÔmvaviY ¶gvÕ †NvlYvi
†cQ‡b †h GK‡kv GKUv KviY Av‡Q, Gi g‡a¨ AšÍZ GKUv KviY wQj
wKQz AvIqvwg wjM-†bZvi Z`wei|
hy×vcivax‡`i wePv‡ii e¨vcv‡i †Lv` †kL gywReyi ingvbI ch©vß K‡Vvi
n‡Z cv‡ibwb ev nbwb| gyw³hy×c~e©eZ©x e¨w³MZ m¤úK© ev ivR‰bwZK
mnve¯’vb‡K g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb cÖgvwYZ hy×vcivax‡`i cÖwZ
bgbxqZv cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb| cÖ‡Z¨K kxl© hy×vcivax e¨w³Rxe‡b abvX¨
nIqv m‡Ë¡I, `vjvj AvB‡b Kviv‡fvMiZ †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv hy×vcivaxi
cwievi‡K †kL gywReyi ingvb Avw_©K mnvqZv w`‡qwQ‡jb| Awef³
cvwK¯Ív‡bi mv‡eK w¯úKvi gymwjg wjM-†bZv dRjyj Kv‡`i †PŠayix
wQ‡jb PÆMÖv‡gi kxl© hy×vcivax| †gvnv¤§` nvmb-m¤úvw`Z, Wjwdb
cÖKvkb-cÖKvwkZ ÔdRjyj Kv‡`i †PŠayix I mgKvjxb gymwjgmgvRÕ eB
†_‡K †R‡bwQÑ ÔdRjyj Kv‡`i †PŠayix wePvivaxb ew›` wnkv‡e XvKvi
†K›`ªxq KvivMv‡i _vKvKv‡j 1972 mv‡ji †g gv‡m cÖavbgš¿x †kL
gywReyi ingvb Zvi †Q‡j‡`i‡K avbgwÛ 32-Gi evmvq †W‡K wb‡q

†iRvKvi mnevm 12
wM‡q m‡mœn cÖ‡eva evK¨ mnKv‡i Zv‡`i‡K Avk¦¯Í K‡ib, GgbwK
UvKvcqmvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j PvB‡ZI e‡jb|Õ †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
e¨vcv‡i dRjyj Kv‡`‡ii †g‡Rv †Q‡j mvBdzwÏb Kv‡`i †PŠayix
e‡j‡QbÑ ÔAvgiv gv‡S-gv‡S Zvi Kv‡Q †hZvg| B‡`i mg‡q wZwb
UvKv w`‡q ej‡Zb †Kvievwb †`Iqvi Rb¨ me‡P‡q eo MiæUv wKbwe|
Zvi KwjRvUv wQj GZ eo| Avgv‡`i kix‡i †Zv gymwjg wj‡Mi i³,
ZvB †kL gywR‡ei weiæ‡× K_v ej‡Z nq|Õ (m~ÎÑ †ejv-A‡ejv,
gwnDwÏb Avng`)
Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvwbi `j b¨v‡ci kxl© ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax wQ‡jb
gwkDi ingvb Rv`y wgqv| Rv`y wgqvi eofvB wmay wgqv m`©vi dRjyj
Kwig I gy¯Ívdv byiæj Bmjvg‡K 1985 mv‡j †`Iqv GK mv¶vrKv‡i
Rvwb‡q‡QbÑ †`k gy³ nIqvi ci 1972 mv‡j Rv`y wgqv evsjv‡`‡k
Av‡mb| ZLb AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †bZviv †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K Aby‡iva
K‡iwQ‡jb Rv`y wgqv‡K †MÖßv‡ii wb‡`©k w`‡Z| wKš‘ `‡ji Pvc _vKv
m‡Ë¡I Rv`y wgqv‡K †MÖßvi Kiv nqwb| cieZ©xKv‡j Rv`y wgqv‡K †MÖßvi
Kiv n‡qwQj GKUv Dw³i Kvi‡YÑ ÔAvwg K-w`‡bi g‡a¨B GB
miKvi‡K ¶gZvPz¨Z Ki‡Z cvwi|Õ GB Dw³i ci Rv`y wgqv‡K †MÖßvi
Kiv n‡qwQj, Gi Av‡M bq| wmay wgqvi †`Iqv Z_¨g‡ZÑ Rv`y wgqv I
†kL gywReyi ingvb Ôdv÷© †d«ÛÕ wQ‡jb| `yÕR‡bi gyw³hy×c~e©eZ©x
m¤úK©‡K wmay wgqv ÔAšÍi½ eÜzZ¡Õ e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wmay Rv`y‡K
e‡jwQ‡jbÑ ÔZzwg XvKvq G‡m e‡m Av‡Qv †Kb? †Zvgv‡K wb‡q †Zv
K_vevZ©v n‡”Q| Zzwg GKUz m‡i _v‡Kv|Õ wmay G-K_v ejvi mv‡_-mv‡_
Rv`y †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K †dvb K‡ib Ges gywRe‡K e‡jbÑ ÔZzB
bvwK Avgv‡K A¨v‡i÷ Kiwe?Õ †dv‡bi AcicÖv‡šÍ _vKv gywRe Kx
e‡jwQ‡jb, wmay Zv ej‡Z cv‡ibwb| Z‡e, GUzKz Rvwb‡q‡Qb †mw`bKvi
†dvbvjv‡c gywRe I Rv`yi g‡a¨ nvwmVvÆv n‡qwQj (m~ÎÑ †ejv-A‡ejv,
gwnDwÏb Avng`)|
Lyjbvi Ab¨Zg kxl© hy×vcivax wQ‡jb gymwjg wjM-†bZv Lvb Ave`ym
meyi| wZwb `vjvj AvB‡b †MÖßvi n‡q Kviv‡fvMI KiwQ‡jb| wKš‘

†iRvKvi mnevm 13
wZwb Av‡¶c cÖKvk K‡i wPwV wjL‡ZB †kL gywReyi ingvb
Zvr¶wYKfv‡e Zvi Kvivgyw³i e¨e¯’v K‡ib| †`k wUwf‡Z
Avmv`y¾vgvb byi‡K †`Iqv mv¶vrKv‡i (cÖPviKvj 15 wW‡m¤^i 2021)
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi cÖexY †bZv †Zvdv‡qj Avn‡g` e‡j‡QbÑ Òmeyi Lvb
†R‡j| wKš‘ e½eÜzi mv‡_ †Zv fv‡jv m¤úK© wQj| meyi Lvb wPwV
wjL‡Qb e½eÜzi Kv‡QÑ Ô†h evsjvi ¯^cœ Zzwg †`‡LwQ‡j, gywRe, †mB
evsjv‡`k AvR ¯^vaxb n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ KvivMv‡ii AÜKvi cÖ‡Kv‡ô e‡m
hLb fvweÑ †h-evsjvi cÖavbgš¿x AvgviB wcÖq †kL gywRe, †mB evsjvi
e„× meyi Lvb AvRI †Kb KvivMv‡i? Avwg Zvi DËi Lyu‡R cvB bv,
gywRe|Õ e¨m, B›UviK‡g Avgv‡K †dvb Kij| Av‡mv, Avmjvg| KqÑ
wPwVUv c‡ov| cojvg| Avgv‡i wR‡Ám K‡iÑ Ô†nvqvU BR B‡qvi
wiA¨vKkb?Õ Avwg ejjvgÑ ÔAvgvi †Zv g‡b nq Avcwb GLbB †Q‡o
†`‡eb|Õ KqÑ ÔB‡qm| AvB n¨vf wWmvB‡WW AvB DBj wiwjR wng|Õ
ZLb e½eÜz gwkDi ingvb‡K WvK‡jb (ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x †kL
gywReyi ingv‡bi ZrKvjxb e¨w³MZ Kg©KZ©v, eZ©gvb cÖavbgš¿x †kL
nvwmbvi A_©bxwZ-welqK Dc‡`óv)| gwkDi ingvb ej‡jbÑ Ôm¨vi,
B‡”Q Ki‡jB †Zv Qvov hv‡e bv, AvBbKvby‡bi e¨vcvi Av‡Q|Õ e½eÜz
ej‡jb, Ôdi‡MU A¨vevDU BU| eUg jvBbÑ wn DBj wiP wnR nvDR
UzbvBU|Õ me A¨v‡ićg›U Kij| †RjLvbv †_‡K meyi Lvb‡i AvBbœv
meyi Lv‡bi avbgwÛ 25 bv¤^v‡ii evwo‡Z †cuŠQvqv †`Iqv nB‡Q|Ó A_©vr
e¨w³MZ m¤úK© ev c~e©cwiPq‡K g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z wM‡q †kL gywReyi
ingvb GKUv wPwVi †cÖw¶‡Z GKRb hy×vcivax‡KI Kvivgy³ K‡i
w`‡qwQ‡jb, h_vh_ AvBwb cÖwμqvI Aej¤^b K‡ibwb|
`vjvj AvB‡b mvRvcÖvß Av‡iK hy×vcivax kvn& AvwRRyi ingvbI †R‡j
_vKvKv‡j Zvi cwievi‡K †kL gywReyi ingvb Avw_©K mnvqZv
cvVv‡Zb| †Zvdv‡qj Avn‡g‡`iB gva¨‡g gywRe AvwR‡Ri cwievi‡K
gv‡m mvZ nvRvi UvKv K‡i cvVv‡Zb| AvwRR 1973 mv‡j ÔmvaviY
¶gvÕi AvIZvq Kvivgy³ nIqvi ci gywRe Zv‡K evBk nvRvi UvKv
`v‡gi Ôwffv f·njÕ MvwoI Dcnvi w`‡qwQ‡jb| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
mnKvix GKvšÍ mwPe kvnwiqvi BKev‡ji eY©bv †_‡K Rvbv hvqÑ
1975 mv‡ji 19 Rvbyqvwi A‡÷ªwjqvi cÖavbgš¿xi m¤§v‡b Av‡qvwRZ
†iRvKvi mnevm 14
ˆbk‡fv‡R †kL gywRe kvn& AvwRR‡K AwZw_ wn‡k‡e Dcw¯’Z
†i‡LwQ‡jb, Dcw¯’Z †i‡LwQ‡jb `vjvj AvB‡b mvRvcÖvß Av‡iv
GKRb‡K, bvg RwniDwÏb| kvn& AvwRR‡K †kL gywRe cvwK¯Ív‡b
ivóª`~Z K‡i cvVv‡bviI cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb| Ômgq-AmgqÕ eB‡q
gwnDwÏb Avng` GB Z_¨¸‡jv D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Z_¨¸‡jv wZwb
wb‡q‡Qb kvnwiqvi BKev‡ji ¯§„wZPviYg~jK †jLv Ôe½eÜz †kL gywRe :
Kv‡Q †_‡K †`LvÕ †_‡K|
kxl© ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i cÖwZ cÖ`wk©Z †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi GB bgbxq
AvPiY‡K `yBfv‡eB e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| G‡K, cÖ_gZ, gnvbyfeZv
wn‡k‡eB Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| m`¨-¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ‡qvRb wQj
†mB †`k¸‡jvi ¯^xK…wZ, †hme †`k gyw³hy‡× evsjv‡`‡ki we‡ivwaZv
K‡iwQj| †mB ¯^xK…wZ Av`vq Ki‡Z wM‡q †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K †`‡k-
we‡`‡k wewfbœfv‡e mg‡SvZv Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| cvwK¯Ív‡b AvU‡K cov
evOvwj‡`i‡K †`‡k wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ n‡jI †`kx hy×vcivax‡`i cÖwZ
Zv‡K bgbxq n‡Z n‡q‡Q| e¨w³MZ m¤ú‡K©i Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv-†Kv‡bv
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivaxi evwo‡Z wZwb gv‡m-gv‡m UvKv cvwV‡q‡Qb, wPwV
†c‡qB Kvivgyw³i e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Qb, Mvwo Dcnvi w`‡q‡Qb| gvbweK
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K fve‡j GB D`viZv‡K cÖkœwe× Kivi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM
†bB| †kL gywRe weiæ×g‡Zi Av‡iv A‡bK‡KB †Mvc‡b UvKvcqmv
w`‡Zb| we‡ivax`‡ji †bZv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb‡K UvKv-jyw½-MvgQv
cvVv‡Zb| GB AvPiY wbtm‡›`‡n gywR‡ei DËy½ D`vi g‡bi cwiPq
enb K‡i| gywRe †Kej AvIqvwg wj‡Mi cÖavbgš¿x bv n‡q †MvUv
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x n‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, hy×weaŸ¯Í †`k Mo‡Z `j-gZ
wbwe©‡k‡l mevi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb, †P‡qwQ‡jb
m`¨¯^vaxb †`‡k †Kv‡bv wefw³ bv ivL‡Z|
wKš‘ GUvI Ab¯^xKvh©Ñ gywRe e¨w³MZ m¤úK©‡K AvB‡biI E‡aŸ© ¯’vb
w`‡q †d‡jwQ‡jb| mvgvb¨ GK wPwVi †cÖw¶‡Z, AvBwb cÖwμqvi avi bv-
†a‡i GKRb cÖgvwYZ hy×vcivax‡K Zvr¶wYKfv‡e KvivMvi †_‡K †ei
K‡i evmvq †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqv wbðqB iv‡óªi Rb¨ myLKi `„óvšÍ bv| `‡ji
†bZviv †MÖßv‡ii Rb¨ Pvc †`Iqv m‡Ë¡I †m‡id e¨w³MZ m¤ú‡K©i Rb¨

†iRvKvi mnevm 15
Av‡iK hy×vcivax‡K (Rv`y wgqv) †MÖßv‡ii wb‡`©k bv-†`IqvÑ GI `yej
©
`„óv‡šÍi D`vniY| dRjyj Kv‡`i †PŠayix, kvn& AvwRRyi ingvbÑ
`yÕRbB AZ¨šÍ abvX¨ e¨w³| PÆMÖv‡g Kv‡`i-cwiev‡ii mnvqm¤úwËi
cwigvY ixwZg‡Zv wKse`wšÍZzj¨| hy×vcivax nIqv m‡Ë¡I GZ
m¤ú`kvjx cwievi¸‡jv‡K ivóªxq †KvlvMvi †_‡K Aby`vb †`Iqvi Lei
ev Mvwo Dcnvi †`Iqvi msev` wbðqB kwn` cwievi¸‡jv‡K ¯^w¯Í
†`qwb| kvn& AvwRRyi ingvb‡K cvwK¯Ív‡b ivóª`~Z K‡i cvVv‡bvi
wm×všÍ‡KI AvZ¥NvZxB ej‡Z n‡e| Ab¨ iv‡óª, Zv †h iv‡óªB †nvK,
¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ivóª`~Z wn‡k‡e cvVv‡bv n‡e GKRb wPwýZ
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K, GKRb mvRvcÖvß hy×vcivax‡KÑ gyw³‡hv×v‡`i Rb¨
GI wbðqB Amn¨ iK‡gi cxov`vqK n‡Zv| Ggb bv †h, †kL gywReyi
ingvb †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K `‡ji kxl©c‡` RvqMv w`‡q‡Qb ev
wbe©vP‡b g‡bvbqb w`‡q c‡i gš¿x evwb‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ gvÎB ¯^vaxb nIqv
†`‡k ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i cÖwZ Ggb wkw_j AvPiY †`‡ki g½j e‡q
Av‡bwb, g½j e‡q Av‡bwb AvIqvwg wjM ev e¨w³ gywR‡ei Rb¨I|
dRjyj Kv‡`i †PŠayixi †h †Q‡j‡`i nv‡Z UvKv w`‡q †Kvievwbi Rb¨
†kL gywReyi ingvb me‡P‡q eo MiæUv wKb‡Z e‡jwQ‡jb, †mB
†Q‡j‡`iB GKRbÑ mvjvDwÏb Kv‡`i †PŠayix Avg„Zz¨ gyw³hy‡×i
we‡ivwaZv K‡i †M‡Qb, †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K wb‡q e¨½we`ªæc
K‡i‡Qb| mvjvDwÏb †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K Ô†kgy ingvbÕ e‡j m‡¤^vab
Ki‡Zb| AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †jvKRb mewKQz‡ZB Ôe½eÜzi ¯^cœÕ Lyu‡R cvq
†`‡L 1996 mv‡j †dbxi GK Rbmfvq Lv‡j`v wRqvi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z
mvjvDwÏb e‡jwQ‡jbÑ Ôe½eÜz GZ †ewk ¯^cœ †`L‡Zb †h, g‡b nq
Ibvi ¯^cœ‡`vl AvwQj|Õ Kv‡`i-cwiev‡ii cÖwZ cÖ`wk©Z †kL gywReyi
ingv‡bi AbyMÖ‡ni cÖwZ`vb dRjyj Kv‡`‡ii †Q‡j mvjvDwÏb Kv‡`i
Gfv‡eB w`‡qwQ‡jb| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Av‡iK wcÖqcvÎ Zdv¾j
†nv‡mb gvwbK wgqvi eo †Q‡j e¨vwi÷vi gBbyj †nv‡mbI gyw³hy‡×
cÖkœwe× f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb| cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx Zv‡`i B‡ËdvK
Awdm ¸uwo‡q w`‡jI gBbyj †nv‡mb cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii mv‡_
†`b`ievi K‡i ¶wZc~iY Av`vq K‡i‡Qb, gyw³hy× PjvKv‡jB B‡ËdvK
†di Pvjy K‡i cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^v_© ev¯Íevqb K‡i‡Qb| mewKQz †R‡bI †kL
†iRvKvi mnevm 16
gywReyi ingvb 1973 mv‡j ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g wbe©vP‡b gBbyj
†nv‡mb‡K AvIqvwg wjM †_‡K g‡bvbqb w`‡q‡Qb| cieZ©xKv‡j gBbyj
†nv‡mb L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g‡`i †W‡gv‡μwUK wj‡M †hvM
w`‡q‡Qb| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi J`v‡h©i cÖwZ`vb gBbyj †nv‡mbI
Gfv‡eB w`‡qwQ‡jb|
`vjvj AvB‡b mvRvcÖvß †h kvn& AvwRR‡K †kL gywRe A‡÷ªwjqvi
cÖavbgš¿xi ˆbk‡fv‡R AwZw_ K‡iwQ‡jb, cvwK¯Ív‡b ivóª`~Z K‡i
cvVv‡bvi cwiKíbv K‡iwQ‡jb, Mvwo Dcnvi w`‡qwQ‡jb; †mB kvn&
AvwRR ÔmvaviY ¶gvÕ †c‡q ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡kI evsjv‡`kwe‡ivax
Kg©KvÐ Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQ‡jb Ges GB Aciv‡a 1974 mv‡ji 10 †g
gv‡m AveviI †MÖßvi n‡qwQ‡jb| ïb‡j GLb Awek¦vm¨ g‡b n‡eÑ kvn&
AvwRR gyw³hy‡× wbnZ †iRvKvi-Avje`i‡`i cwievi¸‡jv‡K ¶wZc~iY
†`Iqvi Rb¨ cÖKv‡k¨ `vwe Zz‡jwQ‡jb, `vjvj AvB‡b †MÖßvi me
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivaxi gyw³ `vwe K‡iwQ‡jb, evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ Z¨vM
we‡`‡k cvwj‡q _vKv hy×vcivax‡`i (†hgb †Mvjvg AvRg) bvMwiKZ¡
wdwi‡q †`Iqvi `vwe K‡iwQ‡jb| A_©vr wb‡R ÔmvaviY ¶gvÕ †c‡q I
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi AbyMÖnfvRb n‡q jvB‡q-jvB‡q gv_vq †P‡c
e‡mwQ‡jb| kvn& AvwRR Gfv‡eB †kL gywR‡ei AvkKvivi cÖwZ`vb
w`‡qwQ‡jb| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi cÖZ¨¶ nZ¨vKvixiv hv‡K (wRqv)
†mbvcÖavb evwb‡qwQj, kvn& AvwRR †mB wRqvDi ingv‡bi gwš¿mfvq
†hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb Ges GKch©v‡q wRqvi cÖavbgš¿xI n‡qwQ‡jb| AvwRR
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ cwieZ©b K‡i †Kv‡bv gymjgvb Kwei †jLv
Mvb RvZxq msMxZ evbv‡bvi Rb¨I wRqvDi ingvb‡K wPwV w`‡qwQ‡jb|
A_©vr AvwRR Avg„Zz¨ evsjv‡`kwe‡ivax wQ‡jb|
gwkDi ingvb Rv`y wgqv `vjvj AvB‡bi gvgjv †_‡K gyw³ †c‡qwQ‡jb
1974 mv‡j| †kL gywReyi ingv‡biB RxeÏkvq 1974 mv‡jB wZwb
AveviI †MÖßvi nb, gyw³ cvb 1975 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i| wZwb wØZxqevi
†Kb †MÖßvi n‡qwQ‡jb, nw`m cvBwb| MY‡fvU wb‡q gZcv_©K¨ †`Lv
†`Iqvq wRqvDi ingvb Rv`y‡K 1977 mv‡j M„new›` K‡iwQ‡jb, Rv`yi
†Q‡j‡`i‡K †MÖßvi Kwi‡qwQ‡jb| Awf‡hvM Avbv n‡qwQjÑ Rv`y wgqvi

†iRvKvi mnevm 17
†Q‡jiv wRqvDi ingv‡bi MY‡fv‡Ui †cv÷vi wQu‡o †d‡j‡Qb| GB
nvm¨Ki Awf‡hv‡M Zv‡`i‡K wZb mßvn †R‡j cy‡i ivLv nq, Zviv Qvov
†c‡qwQ‡jb MY‡fvU †kl n‡q hvIqvi c‡i| GB Rv`yB c‡i wRqvDi
ingv‡bi Ôwmwbqi wgwb÷viÕ n‡qwQ‡jb (c`gh©v`vq cÖavbgš¿xi mgvb),
weGbwc-cÖwZôvq †Rviv‡jv f‚wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb Ges wRqvDi ingvb‡K
†mbvkvmK †_‡K ivR‰bwZK †bZv evwb‡qwQ‡jb| A_©vr †kL gywReyi
ingvb †hme ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i‡K AbyK¤úv cÖ`k©b K‡iwQ‡jb,
Zv‡`i †KDB cieZ©xKv‡j gywR‡ei cÖwZ K…ZÁZv cÖKvk K‡ibwb,
Dj‡Uv we`ªæc K‡i‡Qb A_ev gywR‡ei nZ¨vKvix‡`i evbv‡bv
†mbvcÖav‡bi mv‡_ †hvM w`‡q‡Qb|
G-K_v me©Rbwew`Z †h, gywRebMi miKv‡ii ciivóªgš¿x L›`Kvi
†gvkZvK Avn‡g` gyw³hy×Kv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ KvR bv K‡i
QÙ‡e‡k cvwK¯Ív‡bi c‡¶B KvR K‡i‡Qb| gywRebMi miKv‡ii
cÖavbgš¿x n‡Z bv cvivi †¶vfI Zvi g‡a¨ wQj| gyw³hy‡×i cy‡ivUv
mg‡q wZwb ZvRDwÏbwe‡ivax AccÖPv‡i wjß wQ‡jb| wZwb cÖPvi Ki‡Z
_v‡KbÑ ZvRDwÏb A‰eafv‡e wb‡R‡K evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x †NvlYv
K‡i‡Qb, cÖavbgš¿x nIqvi †hvM¨Zv Zvi (ZvR) †bB, `ye©j †bZ…‡Z¡i
Kvi‡Y gyw³hy× wSwg‡q c‡o‡Q| GKvˇi BDGmGi cwiKíbv wQj
¯^vqËkvm‡bi cÖ‡jvfb †`wL‡q evsjv‡`k‡K hy× †_‡K weiZ ivLv Ges
Gfv‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi ALÐZv i¶v Kiv| BDGmG GB †Mvcb cÖwμqvq
`yÕRb‡K AšÍfy³© K‡iwQjÑ ciivóªgš¿x L›`Kvi †gvkZvK‡K Avi
ciivóªmwPe gvneye Avjg Pvwl‡K| K_v wQj †m‡Þ¤^‡i †gvkZvK
BDGmG wM‡q Qq`dvwfwËK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi gva¨‡g cvwK¯Ív‡bi ALÐZv
i¶vq ivR‰bwZK mgvav‡bi c‡¶ e³…Zv Ki‡eb| wKš‘ A¯’vqx ivóªcwZ
ˆmq` bRiæj Bmjvg e¨vcviUv †R‡b hvb, †gvkZvK‡K BDGmG
cvVv‡bv †_‡K weiZ _v‡Kb Ges wePvicwZ Avey mvC` †PŠayix‡K
BDGmGMvgx cÖwZwbwa`‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡ †`b Z_¨m~ÎÑ
(ˆ¯^ikvm‡bi bq eQi 1982-90, †gRi iwdKzj Bmjvg wcGmwm)|
L›`Kvi †gvkZv‡Ki ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax lohš¿ my¯úó| wZwb eiveiB
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ALÐZv eRvq ivL‡Z †P‡q‡Qb, gywRebMi miKv‡ii

†iRvKvi mnevm 18
cÖavbgwš¿Z¡ †P‡q‡Qb| BDGmG I cvwK¯Ív‡bi mv‡_ †gvkZv‡Ki
loh‡š¿i Avfvm †c‡q gywRebMi miKvi †gvkZvK‡K ciivóªgš¿xi c`
†_‡K wbw®Œq K‡i iv‡L, Zvi cwie‡Z© A‡NvwlZfv‡e ciivóªgš¿xi `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡ib Ave`ym mvgv` AvRv`| mewKQz †R‡bI ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k
†kL gywReyi ingvb L›`Kvi †gvkZvK‡KB me‡P‡q Kv‡Q †U‡bwQ‡jb
Ges mcwievi Ly‡bi wkKvi n‡q GB †kvPbxq fz‡ji gvïj ¸‡bwQ‡jb|
hw` a‡i †bIqv nqÑ gywRe †gvkZv‡Ki gyw³hy×Kvjxb Kg©Kv‡Ði K_v
Rvb‡Zb bv, Zv n‡jI ej‡Z nqÑ gywR‡ei DwPZ wQj ZvRDwÏb-
bRiæj‡`i KvQ †_‡K mewKQz †R‡b †bIqv| gywRe eiveiB fzj
gvbyl‡`i‡K AbyK¤úv cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb, wek¦vmNvZK‡`i‡K cv‡k †i‡L
wek¦¯Í‡`i mv‡_ `~iZ¡ ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©xKv‡j †gvkZv‡Ki nvZ
a‡iB evsjv‡`‡k cvwK¯Ívwb fveavivi cybtcÖPjb ïiæ n‡qwQj Ges †mB
aviv A`¨vewa Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q|
mv‡eK ivóªcwZ û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv` gyw³hy×Kvjxb cÖvq cy‡ivUv mgq
cvwK¯Ív‡b wQ‡jb, Amy¯’ evev‡K †`L‡Z ev AeKvk hvcb Ki‡Z
K‡qKevi iscy‡i G‡m‡Qb| wKš‘ wZwb †Kv‡bvfv‡eB gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY
K‡ibwb| gyw³hy‡× AskMÖn‡Yi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ iscy‡ii
gyw³‡hv×viv kwn` gyLZvi Bjvwni †bZ…‡Z¡ Gikv‡`i mv‡_ †`Lv Kivi
†Póv Ki‡j Gikv` †`Lv ch©šÍ †`bwb| gyw³hy× †kl nIqvi ci evOvwj
†mbvKg©KZ©v‡`i wePv‡ii Rb¨ cvwK¯Ív‡b †h UªvBeybvj MwVZ n‡qwQj,
Gikv` wQ‡jb †mB UªvBeybv‡ji †Pqvig¨vb| gyw³hy‡× cvwK¯Ívb
†mbvevwnbxi cÖwZ Gikv‡`i wbi¼zk AvbyMZ¨ bv _vK‡j cvwK¯Ívb
miKvi wbðqB Gikv`‡K GB `vwqZ¡ w`Z bv| 1973 mv‡j Gikv`
evsjv‡`‡k wd‡i G‡m †`‡Lb †mbvevwnbx‡Z Zvi PvKwi †bB|
evsjv‡`‡k G‡m hy‡× AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM _vKv m‡Ë¡I †hme evOvwj
†mbvKg©KZ©v †¯^”Qvq cvwK¯Ív‡bB †_‡K wM‡qwQ‡jb, ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k
Zv‡`i‡K PvKwiPz¨Z Kiv nq| Gikv` wQ‡jb Zv‡`iB GKRb| †gRi
iwdKzj Bmjvg wcGmwmi fvl¨g‡ZÑ Ôevsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci
Gikv` evsjv‡`‡k †diZ Av‡mb Ges PvKwi wd‡i cvIqvi Rb¨ Aw¯’i

†iRvKvi mnevm 19
n‡q c‡ob| ZrKvjxb cÖwZgš¿x I KzwoMÖv‡gi AvIqvwg wjM-†bZv
wiqvRDwÏb wgqv GKw`b mܨvq Gikv`‡K cvRvgv-cvÄvwe cwi‡q Gi
Ici GKwU gywRe †KvU cwi‡q Zvi n‡q Z`we‡ii Rb¨ †kL gywReyi
ingv‡bi evwo‡Z wb‡q wM‡q Zv‡K cwiPq Kwi‡q w`‡q e‡jbÑ Avgvi
fvM‡bi PvKwiUv bv _vK‡j hy× K‡i Avgvi Kx jvf n‡jv! G K_v
ejvi mv‡_-mv‡_ Gikv` †kL gywR‡ei cv Qzu‡q mvjvg K‡ib| †kL
gywRe G‡Z Lywk n‡q Zv‡K PvKwi‡Z envj ivLvi wb‡`©k †`b|Õ
Gikv`‡K PvKwi‡Z envj ivLvi Rb¨ Dc-†mbvcÖavb wRqvDi ingvbI
cÖavbgš¿x †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Kv‡Q mycvwik K‡iwQ‡jb|
ivóªcwZ nIqvi ci Gikv` †ekwKQz hy×vcivax‡K gwš¿Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb, †kL
gywReyi ingv‡bi ¯^‡NvwlZ Lywb‡`i‡K †`‡k wdwi‡q G‡b Zv‡`i‡K w`‡q
ivR‰bwZK `j MVb Kwi‡q‡Qb, gywR‡ei Lywb ˆmq` dviæK ingvb‡K
ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡b AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM w`‡q‡Qb, gywR‡ei `yB Lywb‡K
wbe©vP‡b wRwZ‡q G‡b RvZxq msm‡` Avmxb nIqvi †cÖ¶vcU ˆZwi
K‡iwQ‡jb| †h †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi cv a‡i Gikv` wb‡Ri PvKwi
euvwP‡qwQ‡jb, Gikv` †mB †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi D`viZvi cÖwZ`vb
Gfv‡eB w`‡qwQ‡jb| wRqvnZ¨vi †cQ‡bI Gikv‡`i my¯úó f‚wgKv
Av‡Q| ivRbxwZi wbg©g cwinvm n‡jvÑ AvIqvwg wjM-weGbwc `yB `jB
cieZ©xKv‡j Gikv`‡K wbR-wbR wbe©vPbx †Rv‡U AšÍf©y³ Kivi Rb¨
Gikv‡`i c`‡jnb K‡i‡Q| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi nZ¨vKvix‡`i
cybe©vmbKvix û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv`‡K †kL nvwmbv 2014 mv‡ji
Rvbyqvwi gv‡m gš¿x c`gh©v`vq wb‡Ri Ôwe‡kl `~ZÕ wn‡k‡e wb‡qvM
w`‡qwQ‡jb| A_©vr ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax Gikv‡`i cybe©vm‡b f‚wgKv
†i‡L‡Qb †kL gywReyi ingvb, wRqvDi ingvb, Lv‡j`v wRqv, †kL
nvwmbvÑ mevB| D`viwPË †kL gywReyi ingvb †mw`b Gikv‡`i gvgvi
Ave`vi D‡c¶v Ki‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ c‡` Gikv‡`i g‡Zv
GKRb wek¦‡envqv‡K †`L‡Z n‡Zv bv| D‡jøL¨, Gikv`‡K Ôwek¦‡envqvÕ
†LZve w`‡qwQ‡jb wPÎwkíx Kvgiæj nvmvb|

†iRvKvi mnevm 20
ZË¡veavqK miKvi Bï‡Z beŸB‡qi `k‡K AvIqvwg wjM Rvgvqv‡Zi
mv‡_ †RvUe× Av‡›`vjb K‡iwQj g‡g© evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ gn‡j †Rvi
Av‡jvPbv Av‡Q| Aek¨ AvIqvwg wjM I RvgvqvZ AvbyôvwbKfv‡e
KLbI †RvU M‡o †Zv‡jwb| ZË¡veavqK miKv‡ii `vwe AvIqvwg
wj‡MiI wQj, Rvgvqv‡ZiI wQj, d‡j beŸB‡qi `k‡K GB `yB `‡ji
wKQz ivR‰bwZK e³e¨ wg‡j wM‡qwQjÑ AvIqvwg wj‡Mi Zid †_‡K
ms‡¶‡c G iKg `vwe Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ B›Uvi‡b‡U 1994 mv‡ji
Ryb gv‡mi GKUv Qwe cÖvqB †f‡m †eovq; †h Qwe‡Z cvkvcvwk e‡m
mvsevw`Km‡¤§jb Ki‡Qb †kL nvwmbv, mv‡R`v †PŠayix, gI`y` Avng`
Avi gwZDi ingvb wbRvgx| †mB mvsevw`Km‡¤§jb Kx Dcj‡¶ wQj,
Kx ejv n‡qwQj †mLv‡bÑ Zv Aek¨ wbwðZfv‡e Rvbv hvq bv| †Kv_vI
†`‡LwQ mvsevw`Km‡¤§jbUv RvZxq msm‡` n‡qwQj, †Kv_vI †`‡LwQ
†cÖmK¬v‡e|
†mB mvsevw`Km‡¤§j‡bi Av‡M-c‡i Rvgvqv‡Zi mv‡_ AvIqvwg wj‡Mi
Kx m¤úK© wQj, ZvI ¯úó Rvbv hvq bv| AvIqvwg wj‡Mi Zid †_‡K
†mB Qwei †Kv‡bv m‡šÍvlRbK e¨vL¨vI cvIqv hvq bv| QweUv m¤¢eZ
evigyWv Uªvqv‡½‡ji g‡Zv e¨vL¨vZxZ| †KD-†KD e‡jb wbRvgx †mLv‡b
Avgwš¿Z wQ‡jb bv, †Pqvi Lvwj †c‡q ûU K‡i e‡m c‡owQ‡jb| wKš‘
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi mfvcwZi mvsevw`Km‡¤§j‡b Kv‡iv †h ûU K‡i emvi
my‡hvM †bB, ZvI Avevi wbRvgxi g‡Zv GKRb hy×vcivaxiÑ ûUZ‡Ë¡i
cÖe³viv Zv fz‡j hvb| AvIqvwg wjM QweUv‡K BwZnvm †_‡K gy‡Q w`‡Z
PvB‡e, h_vm¤¢e A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z PvB‡e| wKš‘ mvsevw`Km‡¤§jb †h
Dcj‡¶B †nvK, †mLv‡b hv-B ejv †nvK; BwZnv‡m QweUv †Lv`vB n‡q
_vK‡e, BwZnv‡m †jLv _vK‡eÑ AvIqvwg wjM mfvcwZ †kL nvwmbv
Avi Avj-e`i‡bZv gwZDi ingvb wbRvgx AšÍZ GKevi cvkvcvwk
e‡m mvsevw`Km‡¤§jb K‡i‡Qb| GK †Uwe‡j †kL nvwmbv Avi wbRvgxi
mvsevw`Km‡¤§jb n‡Z cv‡i wK bv, BwZnvmB Gi DËi †`‡e| Av‡jvP¨
mvsevw`Km‡¤§j‡b Dcw¯’Z _vKv mv‡R`v †PŠayix gviv †M‡Qb 2022

†iRvKvi mnevm 21
mv‡j, gI`y` Avng` 2021 mv‡j| wbRvgxi g„Zz¨`Ð Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q
2016 mv‡j| †eu‡P Av‡Qb †Kej †kL nvwmbv| mv‡R`v, gI`y` ev
wbRvgxi g„Zz¨i ga¨ w`‡qB BwZnvm g‡i hvqwb| BwZnvm Av‡iv Aewkó
Av‡Q|
gyw³hy‡× msNwUZ gvbeZvwe‡ivax Aciv‡ai Awf‡hv‡M `v‡qiK…Z
gvgjvq Rvgvqv‡Zi mv‡eK Avwgi †Mvjvg AvRg‡K †MÖßvi Kiv
n‡qwQj 2012 mv‡ji 11 Rvbyqvwi| †MÖßvi nIqvi Av‡M †`Iqv e³‡e¨
wZwb e‡jwQ‡jbÑ Ô1980-Gi `k‡K Ges 1990 mv‡j Gikv`we‡ivax
Av‡›`vj‡b Ges 1994 †_‡K 1996 mvj ch©šÍ †Kqvi‡UKvi miKv‡ii
`vwe‡Z weGbwci weiæ‡× RvgvqvZ I AvIqvwg wjM hyMcr Av‡›`vjb
K‡iwQj, ZLb †Kv‡bvw`b AvIqvwg wjM RvgvqvZ †bZ…e„›`‡K hy×vcivax
g‡b K‡iwb| †deªæqvwi 1991-Gi wbe©vP‡bi ci miKviMV‡bi Rb¨
AvIqvwg wjM Rvgvqv‡Zi mn‡hvwMZv cÖv_©bv K‡i Avgvi wbKU aibv
w`‡qwQj, AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †bZv Avwgi †nv‡mb Avgy mv‡ne Rvgvqv‡Zi
†m‡μUvwi †Rbv‡ij gyRvwn` mv‡n‡ei gva¨‡g Avgv‡K gš¿x evbv‡bvi
cÖ¯ÍveI w`‡qwQ‡jb| ZLbI AvIqvwg wj‡Mi g‡b nqwb Rvgvqv‡Z
Bmjvwg hy×vcivax| cieZ©xKv‡j AvIqvwg wjM g‡bvbxZ
†cÖwm‡W›Uc`cÖv_©x wePvicwZ e`iæj nvq`vi †PŠayix Rvgvqv‡Zi mg_©b
jv‡fi Ave`vi wb‡q hLb Avgvi mv‡_ mv¶vr K‡ib, ZLbI Zv‡`i
`„wó‡Z RvgvqvZ †bZ…e„›` hy×vcivax wQj bv|'
Av‡jvP¨ ivóªcwZ-wbe©vP‡b Rvgvqv‡Zi mvsm`iv †fvU †`Iqv †_‡K
weiZ wQ‡jb| weGbwci cÖv_©x Ave`yi ingvb wek¦vm (¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax)
†c‡qwQ‡jb GK‡kv evnvËi †fvU Avi AvIqvwg wj‡Mi e`iæj nvq`vi
†c‡qwQ‡jb weivbeŸB †fvU| d‡j, Rvgvqv‡Zi mvsm`iv e`iæj
nvq`vi‡K †fvU w`‡j e`iæj Zv‡ZI Rqx n‡Zb bv| hv †nvK, 1991-
Gi ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi cÖv°v‡j AvIqvwg wj‡Mi cÖv_©x e`iæj nvq`vi
Rvgvqv‡Zi wek mvsm‡`i mg_©b jv‡fi Avkvq †Mvjvg AvR‡gi mv‡_
†`Lv K‡iwQ‡jbÑ GB Z_¨ mycÖwZwôZ| wKš‘ 1991-Gi wbe©vP‡bi ci
†iRvKvi mnevm 22
AvIqvwg wjM miKviMV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ Rvgvqv‡Zi mn‡hvwMZv †P‡qwQj,
†Mvjvg AvRg‡K gwš¿‡Z¡i cÖ¯Íve w`‡qwQjÑ GB Z_¨ KLbI †Zgb
GKUv Av‡jvwPZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq bv| AvIqvwg wjM AvR‡gi GB
e³‡e¨i †Kv‡bv cÖwZev`I K‡iwb, `vwe K‡iwbÑ Avgy gyRvwn‡`i gva¨‡g
†Mvjvg AvRg‡K gwš¿‡Z¡i cÖ¯Íve †`qwb| AvR‡gi GB `vwe mZ¨ n‡q
_vK‡j, A_©vr 1991-Gi wbe©vP‡bi ci AvIqvwg wjM miKviMV‡bi
D‡Ï‡k¨ Rvgvqv‡Zi mn‡hvwMZv †P‡q _vK‡j AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †MvUv
ivRbxwZB cÖkœwe× n‡q c‡o, cÖkœwe× n‡q c‡o Rvgvqv‡Zi mv‡_ †RvU
MV‡bi Aciv‡a weGbwc‡K †`vlv‡ivc Kiv|
Rvgvqv‡Zi mv‡_ KLbI AvbyôvwbK †RvU bv n‡jI AvIqvwg wjM
ag©wfwËK Av‡iK ivR‰bwZK `j †LjvdZ gRwj‡ki mv‡_ wbe©vPbx
†RvU MVb K‡iwQj| 2006 mv‡ji 23 wW‡m¤^i AvIqvwg wj‡Mi
ZrKvjxb mvaviY m¤úv`K Ave`yj Rwjj †LjvdZ gRwj‡ki
ZrKvjxb Avwgi AvwRRyj n‡Ki m‡½ cuvP`dv mg‡SvZv¯§viK mB
K‡ib| `dv¸‡jv n‡jv AvIqvwg wjM ¶gZvq †M‡j kwiqZwe‡ivax
†Kv‡bv AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡e bv, KIwg gv`ªvmvi mb‡`i miKvwi ¯^xK…wZ
†`‡e, mb`cÖvß Ôn°vwbÕ Av‡jg‡`i‡K d‡Zvqv Rvwii my‡hvM †`‡e,
bwe-ivmyj I mvnvwe‡`i mgv‡jvPbv‡K `Ðbxq Aciva e‡j MY¨ K‡i
AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡e (A_©vr eøvm‡dwg AvBb cvk Ki‡e) Ges nRiZ
gyn¤§`‡K (mv) me©‡kl bwe e‡j †NvlYv Ki‡e (A_©vr Kvw`qvwb‡`i‡K
Agymjgvb e‡j ivq †`‡e)| Zxeª mgv‡jvPbvi gy‡L AvIqvwg wjM Aek¨
GB Pzw³ evwZj K‡iwQj|
wKš‘ fz‡j †M‡j Pj‡e bvÑ †LjvdZ gRwj‡ki GB AvwRRyj nK
GKRb ¯^‡NvwlZ ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax| 1997 mv‡ji 5 †m‡Þ¤^i ÔwewPÎvÕ
cwÎKvq Qvcv n‡qwQj AvwR‡Ri mv¶vrKvi| †mLv‡b wZwb e‡jwQ‡jbÑ
ÔGKvˇi Avg‡Mv Ae¯’vb wQj wbi‡c¶fv‡e gyw³hy‡×i wec‡¶| Avgiv
KL‡bvB PvB bvB cvwK¯Ívb fvB½v evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb †nvK|Õ AvwRR
¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡kI ag©xq DMÖev` I cðvrc`Zv we¯Ív‡i f‚wgKv cvjb
†iRvKvi mnevm 23
K‡i‡Qb, 1992 mv‡j fvi‡Zi A‡hva¨vq evewi gmwR` fvOvi NUbvq
wZwb evsjv‡`‡k mv¤cÖ`vwqK nvgjv Dm‡K w`‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| Zvi
†Q‡j gvgybyj nKI IqvR gvnwd‡j DmKvwbg~jK e³e¨ w`‡q ag©xq
Db¥v`bv m„wó‡Z wm×n¯Í| 2013 mv‡ji 5 †g gwZwS‡ji kvcjv PZ¡‡i
†ndvR‡Zi ZvЇei Ab¨Zg KvwiMi gvgyb| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi
Aa©kZ eQi c~wZ© Dcj‡¶ fvi‡Zi cÖavbgš¿x b‡i›`ª †gvw`i evsjv‡`k
mdi‡K †K›`ª K‡i †ndvR‡Z Bmjvg 2021 mv‡ji gv‡P© †`kRy‡o †h
Av‡iK `dv aŸsmhÁ Pvwj‡qwQj, gvgyb †mwUiI Ab¨Zg iƒcKvi|
gvgybB †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi fv¯‹h© eywoM½vq Qz‡o †djvi ûgwK
w`‡q‡Qb|
Av‡iv g‡b ivL‡Z n‡eÑ Av‡jvP¨ Pzw³ m¤úv`bKv‡j †Ljvd‡Zi bv‡q‡e
Avwgi wQ‡jb †gvnv¤§` BmnvK| GB †jLvqB †h gyw³hy×Kvjxb gv‡jK
gwš¿mfvi K_v D‡jøL K‡iwQ (†h gwš¿mfvi m`m¨iv cvwK¯Ívb
†mbvevwnbx‡K cÖZ¨¶ mn‡hvwMZv K‡iwQ‡jb MYnZ¨v msNU‡b), GB
BmnvK wQ‡jb †mB gv‡jK gwš¿mfviB GKRb gš¿x| Av‡iv mvZ gš¿xi
mv‡_ BmnvKI 1971 mv‡ji 24 wW‡m¤^i evsjv‡`k cywj‡ki nv‡Z
†MÖßvi nb Ges cieZ©xKv‡j `vjvj AvB‡b †Rj Lv‡Ub| H BmnvKB
eZ©gv‡b †Ljvd‡Zi Avwgi| †`Lv hv‡”QÑ AvIqvwg wj‡Mi mv‡_ Pzw³
m¤úv`bKv‡j whwb †Ljvd‡Zi Avwgi wQ‡jb, wZwbI ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax
wQ‡jb; whwb eZ©gv‡b †LjvdZ-Avwgi, wZwb ixwZg‡Zv `vjvj AvB‡b
†Rj LvUv ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax| A_©vr AvIqvwg wjMI ¯^vaxbwe‡ivax‡`i
mv‡_ †RvU K‡iwQj Ges Zv Lye †ewk Av‡Mi K_v bv, gvÎ 2006
mv‡ji K_v| 2007 mv‡ji 22 Rvbyqvwi †h wbe©vPbUv nIqvi K_v
_vK‡jI nqwb, †mB wbe©vPbUv ZLb n‡q †M‡j †Ljvd‡Zi mv‡_
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi Av‡jvP¨ Pzw³UvI envj _vKZ Ges wbe©vP‡bi ci
AvIqvwg wjM †LjvdZ‡K nq‡Zv GKUv gwš¿Z¡I w`Z, ZLb †`Lv †hZ
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax AvwRR ev Bmnv‡Ki Mvwo‡Z Do‡Q AvIqvwg wjM-
cÖ`Ë RvZxq cZvKv|
evgcwš’‡`i g‡a¨ hviv gyw³hy‡× evsjv‡`‡ki mk¯¿ we‡ivwaZv

†iRvKvi mnevm 24
K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv‡`i †fZi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Qb Kg‡iW †gvnv¤§`
†Zvqvnv| wZwb gyw³evwnbxi weiæ‡×I hy× K‡i‡Qb, cvwK¯Ívb
†mbvevwnbxi weiæ‡×I hy× K‡i‡Qb; gyw³hyׇK wZwb g‡b Ki‡Zb Ô`yB
KzKz‡ii jovB'| ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k Zvi weiæ‡× †MÖßvwi c‡ivqvbv Rvwi
n‡jI wZwb cvwj‡q hvb, 1976 mv‡j wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avg‡j
c‡ivqvbv cÖZ¨vnvi nIqvi ci †di `„k¨c‡U Avwef©~Z nb Ges weªwUk
Avg‡j gv÷vi`v m~h©‡m‡bi mv‡_ PÆMÖv‡gi A¯¿vMvi jyU Kiv Kwbô
m`m¨ my‡L›`y `w¯Í`v‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q Ôevsjv‡`‡ki mvg¨ev`x `jÕ
MVb K‡ib| A_©vr mvg¨ev`x `j MV‡bi †cQ‡b Rwo‡q Av‡Qb GKRb
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax e¨w³, whwb hy×vciva gvgjvq †MÖßvwi c‡ivqvbv gv_vq
wb‡q cvwj‡q wQ‡jb| 2008 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi Av‡M AvIqvwg wjM †h
†PŠÏ `jxq gnv‡RvU MVb K‡iwQj, GB mvg¨ev`x `j †mB †PŠÏ `‡ji
GK `j| H wbe©vP‡bi ci mvg¨ev`x `‡ji mvaviY m¤úv`K w`jxc eo–
qv‡K AvIqvwg wjM wkígš¿x evwb‡qwQj|
gyw³hy×Kv‡j w`jxc eo–qvi f‚wgKv Kx wQj, Lyu‡R cvBwb; Z‡e, Ôevsjv
BbmvBWviÕ bvgK GKwU AvIqvwg wjM-cwš’ AbjvBb cwÎKv 2020
mv‡ji 6 gvP© D‡jøL K‡i‡Q w`jxcI gyw³hyׇK Ô`yB KzKz‡ii jovBÕ
g‡b Ki‡Zb Ges ïiæi w`‡K Zvi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi g~j gš¿ wQj
AvIqvwg wjM I †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi we‡ivwaZv (D‡jøL K‡i ivLv
cÖ‡qvRbÑ Ôevsjv BbmvBWviÕ wbf©i‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv cwÎKv bv)| gyw³hy‡×
w`jxc eo–qvi f‚wgKv LyuR‡Z wM‡q †`Ljvg evsjv wbDR cwÎKv 2023
mv‡ji 12 AvM÷ w`jxc eo–qvi GKUv e³e¨ cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|
†kvKw`e‡mi Av‡jvPbvmfvq †cÖmK¬v‡e w`jxc e‡j‡QbÑ ÔAvgiv lv‡Ui
`k‡K Av‡›`vjb K‡iwQ, mˇii `k‡K Av‡›`vjb K‡iwQ, 7 gv‡P©i
fvlY ï‡bwQ| GRb¨ G K_v ej‡Z cvwiÑ hviv gyw³hyׇK ¯^xKvi K‡i
bv, Zviv e½eÜz‡K A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i; †Kv‡bv evOvwj e½eÜz‡K
A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|Õ w`jxc 7 gv‡P©i fvlY †kvbvi K_v ïwb‡qB
†_‡g wM‡q‡Qb, Avi mvg‡b G‡Mvbwb, e‡jbwbÑ hy‡×i †Uªwbs wb‡q
gyw³hy‡× Suvwc‡q c‡owQ| GLvb †_‡K Abygvb Kiv hvqÑ wb‡Ri
gyw³hy×Kvjxb f‚wgKvi K_v wZwb GLb Avi †Lvjvmv Ki‡Z Pvb bv, 7
gvP© ch©šÍB mB|
†iRvKvi mnevm 25
hv †nvK, mv‡eK gvwK©b ivóª`~Z †Rgm Gd gwiqvwU©i eivZ w`‡q ÔcÖ_g
Av‡jvÕ 2011 mv‡ji 8 †m‡Þ¤^i Ôw`jxc eo–qv †h Kvi‡Y gš¿xÕ
wk‡ivbv‡g wj‡L‡QÑ Ô†kL nvwmbv Zvi KZ…©Z¡‡K P¨v‡jÄ Kivi †¶‡Î
w`jxc eo–qv‡K Kg ûgwK e‡j g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| G Kvi‡YB evg
ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi A‡bK †R¨ô †bZv‡K ev` w`‡q wZwb w`jxc eo–
qv‡K wkí gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwqZ¡ †`b| DBwKwjKm GB ZvievZ©vwU duvm
K‡i|Õ D‡jøL¨ 2008 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b w`jxc AskMÖnY K‡ibwb Ges
AvIqvwg wjM Zv‡K gš¿x evwb‡qwQj †UK‡bvμ¨vU †KvUvq| w`jxc eo–qv
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax wQ‡jb wK bvÑ wbwðZ bv| wKš‘ Zvi `‡ji cÖwZôvZv
(†Zvqvnv) mk¯¿ ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax wQ‡jb| GKRb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivaxi
cÖwZwôZ `‡ji m‡½ AvIqvwg wjM †Kb †RvU Kij, †Kb †mB `‡ji
mvaviY m¤úv`K‡K gwš¿Z¡ w`j, `jUv‡K ivóª¶gZvi Askx`vi KijÑ
AvIqvwg wjM‡K †KD GB cÖ‡kœi gy‡LvgywL K‡i‡Q e‡j A`¨vewa ïwbwb|
AvIqvwg wjM †h KL‡bvB †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivaxi Mvwo‡Z RvZxq
cZvKv Zz‡j †`qwb, A_©vr †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K gš¿x K‡iwb; Zv
bq| AvIqvwg wjM AšÍZ `yRb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K gš¿x evwb‡q‡Q| †kL
nvwmbvi cÖ_g gwš¿mfvi ag©cÖwZgš¿x wQ‡jb byiæj Bmjvg| Rvgvjcy‡ii
GB †bZv 1996-Gi wbe©vP‡b weGbwci ZrKvjxb gnvmwPe Ave`ym
mvjvg ZvjyK`vi‡K civwRZ K‡i cyi¯‹vi wn‡k‡e gwš¿Z¡ †c‡qwQ‡jb|
wZwb GKvˇi †iRvKvi wQ‡jb e‡j k³ Awf‡hvM Av‡Q; hw`I
RxeÏkvq wZwb wb‡RI Zv KLbI ¯^xKvi K‡iwb, AvIqvwg wjMI ¯^xKvi
K‡i bv| 2001-Gi wbe©vP‡bi Av‡M mwilvevwo Dc‡Rjv AvIqvwg wjM
mvsevw`Km‡¤§jb WvK‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj, e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj
byiæj Bmjv‡gi gyw³hy×Kvjxb f‚wgKv| Dc‡Rjv AvIqvwg wjM H
mvsevw`Km‡¤§j‡b mvdvB †M‡qwQj GB g‡g©Ñ byiæj Bmjvg GKvˇi
†iRvKvi wQ‡jb wK bv, Zv ¯úó bv| msm` fe‡bi `w¶Y cøvRvq
mvaviYZ me gš¿x-mvsm‡`i RvbvRv n‡jI †mLv‡b byiæj Bmjv‡gi
RvbvRv nqwb, gyw³‡hv×v‡`i AvcwËi gy‡L H RvbvRv evwZj n‡qwQj
g‡g© DBwKwcwWqvq Z_¨ †c‡qwQjvg| Z_¨m~Î wn‡k‡e DBwKwcwWqvq †h
`y‡Uv cwÎKvi wjsK mshy³ wQj, Zv GLb Ô¯’vqxfv‡e AKvh©KiÕ
†`Lv‡”Q|
†iRvKvi mnevm 26
†h `yRb‡K Avgv‡`i RvwZmËvi D‡b¥‡li Ab¨Zg ¯’cwZ e‡j aiv nq,
Awek¦vm¨ e¨vcvi n‡”QÑ †mB Aveyj Kv‡kg dRjyj nK (†ki-G-evsjv)
I †nv‡mb kwn` †mvnivIqvw`©i mšÍvbivI gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q cvKevwnbxi
MYnZ¨v‡K mg_©b K‡iwQ‡jb| †mvnivIqvw`©i †g‡q †eMg AvLZvi
†mvjvqgvb †h †Kej gy‡L-gy‡L ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax wQ‡jb, Zv bv|
GKvˇi AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †hme †bZv evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Pvbwb,
AvLZvi Zv‡`i‡K wb‡q Avjv`v GKUv ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi D‡`¨vM
wb‡qwQ‡jb; GgbwK †iRvKvievwnbxi Av`‡j Av‡iKUv Ô†¯^”Qv‡meK
evwnbxÕ Mo‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| A_©vr GK †iRvKvievwnbx w`‡q Zvi
†cvlvw”Qj bv, Zvi Av‡iv †iRvKvi jvM‡e| ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax wQ‡jb
Aveyj Kv‡kg dRjyj n‡Ki †g‡q iBwm †eMgI| 1971 mv‡ji 2 †g
wZwb e‡jbÑ Ô(1971 mv‡ji) 26 gvP© Avgv‡`i mvZ †KvwU c~e©
cvwK¯Ívwbi Rb¨ gyw³i w`b| G w`‡b Avgiv GK DMÖ gZev` †_‡K
gyw³jvf K‡iwQ| G gZev` Bmjvg I cvwK¯Ívwb Av`‡k©i m¤ú~Y©
wecixZ| cvK mxgv‡šÍi Aci cv‡ii msNe× mvnvh¨cyó I cÖ‡ivwPZ
gywó‡gq †`k‡`ªvnxi Øviv Avgiv mš¿¯Í I aŸs‡mi m¤§yLxb n‡qwQjvg|
wKš‘, Avjnvg`ywjjøvn, wbh©vwZZ AmsL¨ gymjgv‡bi cÖv_©bv Avjøvn
ï‡b‡Qb Ges cvwK¯Ívb‡K Avmbœ aŸs‡mi nvZ †_‡K i¶v K‡i‡Qb| c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvZ †KvwU gvby‡li c‡¶ Avwg Avgv‡`i A`g¨ mk¯¿
evwnbxi exi †mbvbx‡`i‡K mvjvg RvbvB|Õ iBwm †eMg Av‡iv e‡jbÑ
ÔAvjnvg`ywjjøvn, †kL gywReyi ingvb I Zvi AbyPiiv wPiw`‡bi Rb¨
g †_‡K AcmvwiZ n‡q‡Q| kqZvwb kw³‡K P~Y©weP~Y© Kivi kw³ †hb
Avgv‡`i A‡Rq mk¯¿ evwnbx‡K Avjøvn `vb K‡ib|'
Aveyj Kv‡kg dRjyj n‡Ki †Q‡j Aveyj Kvjvg dqRyj nK wQ‡jb
1970-Gi wbe©vP‡b AvIqvwg wj‡Mi weRqx GK‡kv mvZlwÆ mvsm‡`i
GKRb| wKš‘ gyw³hy‡×i wZwb cvwK¯Ívb‡K mg_©b w`‡qwQ‡jb| 1971
mv‡ji 11 GwcÖj wZwb e‡jwQ‡jbÑ ÔAvwg Avgvi c~e© cvwK¯Ívwb fvB‡`i
Avgv‡`i Ges cÖkvmbh‡š¿i Ici Av¯’v ivLvi Av‡e`b Rvbvw”Q| hviv
GLbI †Kv‡bv KviYekZ wKsev †Kv‡bv †gv‡n c‡o Kv‡R †hvM`vb
K‡ibwb, Zv‡`i Avwg ïay ejeÑ mgq `ªæZ e‡q hv‡”Q Ges Avgiv hw`
Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i mwVK c‡_ wd‡i hvB, Zv n‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU wgwb‡Ui
†iRvKvi mnevm 27
wbR¯^ GKwU g~j¨ i‡q‡Q| HK¨e×fv‡e GKB gvbyl wn‡k‡e QÕeQi
Av‡M Avgiv †hgb fvi‡Zi bMœ AvμgY‡K iæ‡L `uvwo‡qwQjvg, GLbI
†Zgwbfv‡e Zv‡`i bMœ Avμg‡Yi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i‡K cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv Avgv‡`i ¯^v_© I Av`‡k©i Rb¨ msMÖvg KiwQ| BbkvAvjøvn, Rq
Avgv‡`i mywbwðZ|Õ AvLZvi †mvjvqgvb, iBwm †eMg I dqRyj n‡Ki
e¨vcv‡i A`¨vewa hv-wKQz wjLjvg, mewKQzi Drm n‡jv Ôgyw³hy× †PZbv
weKvk †K›`ªÕ KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ eB ÔGKvˇii NvZK I `vjvjiv †K
†Kv_vqÕ| hv †nvK, dqRyj nK `vjvj AvB‡b †MÖßvi n‡q Kviv‡fvM
K‡ib Ges 1979 mv‡j weGbwc‡Z †hvM w`‡q mvsm` wbe©vwPZ nb|
PvÂj¨Ki e¨vcvi n‡jvÑ dqRyj nK cieZ©xKv‡j AveviI AvIqvwg
wj‡M †hvM †`b Ges 1996 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvwg wj‡Mi wU‡K‡U
mvsm` nb, AvIqvwg wjM Zv‡K cvU I e¯¿ gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖwZgš¿x evbvq|
Rvgvjcy‡ii byiæj Bmjv‡gi ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivwaZv cÖgvwYZ bv n‡jI
ewikv‡ji dqRyj n‡Ki ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivwaZv cÖgvwYZ I gxgvswmZ|
BwZnvm †_‡K AvIqvwg wjM gy‡Q w`‡Z cvi‡e bvÑ `vjvj AvB‡b †Rj
LvUv ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax dqRyj nK‡K AvIqvwg wjM 1996 mv‡j cÖwZgš¿x
evwb‡qwQj, ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivaxi Mvwo‡Z RvZxq cZvKv Iovi e¨e¯’v
K‡iwQj| A_©vr evsjv‡`‡k †kL gywReyi ingvb Qvov Ab¨ me kvm‡Ki
gwš¿mfvqB ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax wQj|
gyw³hy‡×i Ae¨ewnZ c‡i AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †Rjv, _vbv I BDwbqb
ch©v‡qi KwgwU¸jvq A‡bK ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax wQ‡jb; RvZxq I ¯’vbxq
miKvi wbe©vP‡bI AvIqvwg A‡bK ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K g‡bvbqb w`‡q‡Q,
GLb w`‡”Q ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i mšÍvb‡`i‡K| wewfbœ mg‡qB †kvbv
hvqÑ †Kv‡bv eo †bZvi nv‡Z cy®ú¯ÍeK Ac©Y K‡i Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi
GK SuvK †bZvKg©x AvIqvwg wj‡M †hvM w`‡q‡Qb| G wb‡q AvIqvwg
wj‡M cÖKvk¨ mgv‡jvPbv nq bv ej‡jB P‡j, Dj‡Uv †kvbv hvqÑ
ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM bv w`‡j Giv DMÖev`x KvRKg© Ki‡e, weGbwc‡Z
†hvM w`‡q ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax kw³‡K Av‡iv kw³kvjx Ki‡e, †gavi
AcPq n‡e| A_©vr ZLb AvIqvwg wjM cwiYZ nq gv`Kvm³
cybe©vmb‡K‡›`ª| AvIqvwg wj‡M †hvM †`Iqvi AvM ch©šÍ RvgvqvZ-

†iRvKvi mnevm 28
†bZviv †iRvKvi _vK‡jI AvIqvwg wj‡M †hvM †`Iqvi ci¶‡YB Zviv
n‡q hvb bI-gyw³‡hv×v| GgbwK, AvRb¥ AvIqvwg wjM K‡i Avmv
cy‡iv‡bv †bZvKg©x‡`i‡K D‡c¶v K‡i GB bI-gyw³‡hv×v‡`i‡KB
AvIqvwg wj‡M †`Iqv nq AwaKZi †jvfbxq c`-c`we|
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i eskai‡`i mv‡_ AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †K›`ªxq †bZv‡`i
AvZ¥xqZvi m¤úK©I wKse`wšÍZzj¨, Gi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡Z †M‡j Zv
ixwZg‡Zv GKUv I‡qemvB‡U cwiYZ n‡e| AvIqvwg wj‡Mi m‡e©v”P
ch©v‡qi †bZv‡`i †eqvB‡qi eveviv wKsev †eqvBiv wPwýZ †iRvKvi|
†mm‡ei e¨vcv‡i cÖkœ Kiv n‡j DËi Av‡mÑ ÔAvgvi †eqvB B‡”Q K‡i
†iRvKvi nbwb, Zv‡K †Rvic~e©K †iRvKvi evbv‡bv n‡qwQjÕ A_ev
ÔGKvˇi wZwb †Mvc‡b gyw³‡hv×v‡`i‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡iwQ‡jb,
wn›`y‡`i‡K AvkÖq w`‡qwQ‡jbÕ A_ev Ô†iRvKvi gv‡bB hy×vcivax bv,
hy×vcivax gv‡bB †iRvKvi bv|Õ A_©vr AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †iRvKviivI
†iRvKvi bv, Ab¨vb¨ `‡ji gyw³‡hv×vivI †iRvKvi|
2015 mv‡ji 15 wW‡m¤^i RvZxq †cÖmK¬v‡e fvlv‰mwbK Ave`yj
Mvddvi †PŠayix e‡jwQ‡jbÑ ÔAvIqvwg wj‡Mi †fZ‡i Rvgvqv‡Zi
†jvKI Av‡Q| AvIqvwg wj‡M KZ †iRvKvi Av‡Q! wec‡`i mg‡q Giv
fqvbKfv‡e Av‡m| †iRvKvi‡`i wj÷ Kivi Av‡M GB †iRvKvi‡`i
ZvwjKv cÖKvk Kiv DwPZ| †iRvKvi‡`i ZvwjKv Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e,
†iRvKviivB †mB ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡Q| IB ZvwjKvq gyw³‡hv×viv
†iRvKvi, †iRvKviiv gyw³‡hv×v n‡q hv‡e| A‡bK †iRvKvi Av‡Q|
GLbI Av‡Q| GgbwK Avgv‡`i Rb‡bÎx †kL nvwmbvi Avkcv‡kI
Av‡Q| Zv‡`i bvg ej‡j Avgvi Avi XvKvq Avmv n‡e bv| ZvB Avwg
bvg ej‡Z PvB bv| GB n‡”Q Ae¯’v|Õ
ÔAvR‡Ki KvMRÕ cwÎKvq 1996 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m Avng` Qdv
wj‡LwQ‡jbÑ ÔAvgiv gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡iwQ, AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †bZ…Z¡
†g‡b wb‡qwQ| ïay Zvi `yb©xwZ Ges Anscyó g‡bvfv‡ei mgv‡jvPbv
K‡iwQ e‡j AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †jv‡Kiv Avgv‡`i cÖvc¨ m¤§vb, AwaKvi
Ges gh©v`v †_‡K ewÂZ K‡i‡Q| AvR‡K AvIqvwg wjM‡K Rvgvqv‡Z
Bmjvwgi m‡½ Kuv‡a Kuva wgwj‡q Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z n‡”Q| †Kvb

†iRvKvi mnevm 29
RvgvqvZÑ hviv GKvˇi binZ¨v K‡i‡Q e‡j Awf‡hvM Kiv hvq| hviv
gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q| Avwg mweb‡q GKUv cÖkœ Ki‡Z PvBÑ
Avgv‡`i Aciva wQj wK? gyw³hy× we‡ivax‡`i †_‡KI Avgiv wK
AwaKZi Acivax wQjvg?Õ GKB Kjv‡g wZwb Av‡iv wj‡L‡QbÑ
ÔAvIqvwg wjM evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j| Zv‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡
¯^vaxbZvi msMÖvgwU cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q e‡U| GB msMÖv‡gi GKwU RvZxq
PwiÎ wQj| RvZxq msMÖvg‡K `jxq msMÖv‡g cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h‡q
AvIqvwg wjM‡K ïiæ †_‡K ch©vqμ‡g GKB Aciva K‡i †h‡Z n‡”Q,
†mB GKB ai‡bi Aciv‡ai g‡a¨ †hwU me‡P‡q Kj¼gq, †mwU n‡jv
Rvgvqv‡Zi m‡½ H‡K¨ Ave× nIqv| AvIqvwg wjM ¯^vaxbZvi c‡¶
mg¯Í kw³‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i `jxqfv‡e hLb ¯^vaxbZvi aviK-evn‡Ki
f‚wgKv MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq, Zvi `ye©j †giæ`‡Ði R‡b¨ ¯^vaxbZv‡K †m
aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| RvZxq AvKv•ÿvi e`‡j `jxq AnwgKv Zvi
GZB cÖej †h, †mUv wUwK‡q ivLvi R‡b¨ RvZxq kÎæ‡`i m‡½ nvZ
†gjv‡ZI Zvi ev‡a bv| Avwg GKwU ˆ`wbK cwÎKvi m‡½ mv¶vrKv‡i
e‡jwQjvgÑ AvIqvwg wjM hLb †R‡Z, †kL nvwmbv I Zvi AbyMÖnfvRb
e¨w³iv †R‡Z| wKš‘ AvIqvwg wjM hLb nv‡i, †MvUv evOvwj RvwZ
civwRZ nqÑ GB mZ¨wU AvIqvwg wjM Abyaveb Ki‡e wK?Õ
K‡qKRb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivaxi cwievi‡K †kL gywReyi ingvb D`viZv
†`wL‡q cÖZxKx †Lvi‡cvk w`‡qwQ‡jb| GB eve` Zv‡K BwZnv‡mi
KvVMovq `uvo Kiv‡bvi my‡hvM Kg| m`¨¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK
wnkvewbKvk †gv‡UB mij‰iwLK ev mnR-mij wQj bv| ZrKvjxb
wek¦ivRbxwZi gvic¨uv‡P †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K Ggb A‡bK wKQzB
Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q, hv Zvi bxwZi m‡½ mvsNwl©K wQj| wKš‘ 1996 mv‡ji
gwš¿mfvq `yRb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K VuvB †`Iqvi c‡¶ †Kv‡bv ARynvZ
`uvo Kiv‡bvi my‡hvM AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †bB| 1991-Gi ivóªcwZ-wbe©vP‡b
Rvgvqv‡Zi mn‡hvwMZv PvIqv‡KI AvIqvwg wjM GLb A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z
PvB‡e, BwZnvm †_‡K gy‡Q w`‡Z PvB‡e| 1991-G miKviMV‡bi Rb¨
AvIqvwg wjM Rvgvqv‡Zi mn‡hvwMZv †P‡qwQj ev †Mvjvg AvRg‡K
gwš¿Z¡ w`‡Z †P‡qwQjÑ AvR‡gi GB `vwe mZ¨ n‡j Zv AvIqvwg wj‡Mi
GLbKvi ivRbxwZ‡K k~b¨ w`‡q ¸Y K‡i †`q| †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v‡K k~b¨
†iRvKvi mnevm 30
w`‡q ¸Y Ki‡j djvdj k~b¨B nq| dqRyj nK‡K AvIqvwg wjM †Kb
gwš¿Z¡ w`‡qwQj, †Mvjvg AvRg‡K AvIqvwg wjM gwš¿Z¡ †m‡awQj wK bv,
mva‡j †Kb †m‡awQj, AvIqvwg wj‡Mi cÖv_©x e`iæj nvq`vi †PŠayix
†Kb ivóªcwZ-wbe©vP‡bi cÖv°v‡j †Mvjvg AvR‡gi mv‡_ †`Lv
K‡iwQ‡jb, mvsevw`Km‡¤§j‡b †kL nvwmbvi cv‡k wbRvgx †Kb,
GKvbeŸB‡q ivóªcwZ-wbe©vP‡b RvgvqvZ e`iæj nvq`vi‡K mg_©b w`‡j
ev †Mvjvg AvRg AvIqvwg wj‡Mi gwš¿Z¡ wb‡j Gi wek eQi ci
hy×vciva gvgjvq RvgvqvZ-†bZv‡`i wePvi n‡Zv wK bvÑ BwZnvm
AvIqvwg wjM‡K Gme cÖ‡kœi gy‡LvgywL Ki‡eB| Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi bv
w`‡q AvIqvwg wjM BwZnv‡mi cyjwmivZ †c‡iv‡Z cvi‡e bv|

†iRvKvi mnevm 31
†iRvKvi mnevm 32
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi RvgvqvZfxwZ I RvgvqvZcÖxwZ
24 AvM÷ 2023

AvIqvwg wj‡Mi Avg‡j hLbB †Kv‡bv fzZz‡o †MÖßviKvÐ ev nvgjvi

NUbv N‡U Ges Ic‡ii gnj hw` h_vh_ e¨vL¨v w`‡Z bv cv‡i H
e¨w³‡K †Kb †MÖßvi Kiv n‡q‡Q ev AvIqvwg wj‡Mi A½msMVb¸‡jv
hw` e¨vL¨v w`‡Z bv cv‡i nvgjv †Kb msNwUZ n‡jv, ZLbB AvIqvwg
wj‡Mi cÖvYi¶vKvix ˆ`Z¨ wn‡k‡e GwM‡q Av‡m Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwg|
AvIqvwg wjM Lye mn‡RB GKUv ARynvZ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡iÑ hv‡K
†MÖßvi Kiv n‡q‡Q ev hvi Ici nvgjv Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m Avm‡j
RvgvqvZKg©x| GB GK ARynvZ cÖ‡qvM K‡iB AvIqvwg wjM `k‡Ki
ci `kK a‡i wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK Bï‡Z Abvqvm `vqgyw³ †c‡q Avm‡Q|
G K_v mevi RvbvÑ RvgvqvZ 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi
mwμq we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj Ges cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi cwiPvwjZ
MYnZ¨vq `vjvj wn‡k‡e mivmwi AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q, †¶Îwe‡k‡l
wb‡RivB wbR `vwq‡Z¡ MYnZ¨v cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q| Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi
†bZviv †Kej e¨w³MZfv‡eB hy×vciva K‡ibwb, mgMÖ RvgvqvZ‡K
`jxqfv‡eB hy×vcivax msMVb cÖgvY Kiv m¤¢e| RvgvqvZ‡K hy×vcivax
msMVb wn‡k‡e AvIqvwg wjM miKvi wbwl× Kivi my‡hvM evievi
†c‡q‡Q| wKš‘ AvIqvwg wjM Zv K‡iwb, eis Rvgvqv‡Zi ivRbxwZ
KjwmfwZ© UvwKgv‡Qi g‡Zv wRB‡q †i‡L‡Q| RvgvqvZ †h‡nZz wbwl×
msMVb bv, †m‡nZz †KD †MÖßvi n‡jB Ges (†MÖßv‡ii ¯úó KviY
†`Lv‡Z bv †c‡i) Zv‡K ïay RvgvqvZ e‡j cÖPvi Ki‡jB `vqgy³
nIqvi my‡hvM †bB|
gyw³hy‡×i mk¯¿ we‡ivwaZv ïay Rvgvqv‡Z BmjvwgB K‡iwb| K‡iwQj
Av‡iv †ekwKQz ivR‰bwZK `j| †mme `‡ji g‡a¨ cvwK¯Ívb
†W‡gv‡μwUK cvwU©, †bRv‡g Bmjvg, K…lK-kÖwgK cvwU© Ges gymwjg
wj‡Mi `yB MÖæc| ZLb Rvgvqv‡Zi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb †Mjvg AvRg, K…lK-

†iRvKvi mnevm 33
kÖwgK cvwU©i †bZ…‡Z¡ GmGg †mvjvqgvb, cvwK¯Ívb †W‡gv‡μwUK cvwU©i
†bZ…‡Z¡ byiæj Avwgb| †bRv‡g Bmjv‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb gIjvbv
AvZvnvi Avjx I †gŠjwf dwi` Avn‡g`| gymwjg wj‡Mi GKvs‡ki
†bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb LvRv Lv‡qiDwÏb Ges Ab¨ As‡ki †bZ…‡Z¡ Lvb Ave`ym
meyi Avi mvjvDwÏb Kv‡`i †PŠayixi evev dRjyj Kv‡`i †PŠayix|
gyw³hy×cieZ©x AvIqvwg wjM miKvi PvB‡jB hvicibvB mn‡R GB
QqUv ivR‰bwZK `j‡K †m‡id ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax msMVb wn‡k‡e
evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vqxfv‡e wbwl× K‡i †dj‡Z cviZ, Zv‡Z gyw³hy‡×
kwn`‡`i cÖwZ GK ai‡bi kÖ×vI cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡Zv, †kva n‡Zv
BwZnv‡mi FY| wKš‘ ZrKvjxb miKvi GB `j¸‡jv‡K wbwl× K‡iwb|
gyw³hy×Kv‡j †h‡nZz a‡g©i †`vnvB w`‡q MYnZ¨v Pvjv‡bv n‡qwQj,
†m‡nZz gyw³hy×cieZ©x AvIqvwg wjM miKvi ZLb ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ
wbwl× K‡iwQj| RvgvqvZ, gymwjg wjM, †bRv‡g Bmjvg H miKv‡ii
Avg‡j ivRbxwZ Ki‡Z cv‡iwb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax nIqvi Kvi‡Y bv, eis
ag©wfwËK msMVb nIqvi Kvi‡Y| A_P miKv‡ii DwPZ wQj ag©wfwËK
ivRbxwZ wbwl× Kivi cvkvcvwk ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax ivR‰bwZK
`j¸‡jv‡KI wbwl× Kiv| ZrKvjxb ivóªcÖavb †kL gywReyi ingvb †Kb
Zv K‡ibwb, Gi m`yËi †Kv_vI †g‡j bv|
Bmjvwg QvÎwkwei bv‡g Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi †h QvÎmsMV‡bi cwiPq
GLb cvIqv hvq, GKvˇi Gi bvg wQj Bmjvwg QvÎmsN| Rvgvqv‡Zi
QvÎmsMVb ÔBmjvwg QvÎmsNÕ gwZDi ingvb wbRvgx I Avwj Avnmvb
†gvnv¤§` gyRvwn‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ GKvˇii gyw³hy‡× b„ksm f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i| QvÎms‡Ni †bZvKg©x‡`i g‡a¨ binZ¨vq cvi`k©x‡`i‡K wb‡q MVb
Kiv nq gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶i eyw×Rxex‡`i wKwjs ¯‹qvWÑ Avj-e`i, hvi
†bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb wbRvgx I gyRvwn`| GKvˇi Rvgvqv‡Zi †P‡qI,
†¶Îwe‡k‡l cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi †P‡qI †ewk wnsmª wQj QvÎmsN
Z_v Avj-e`i| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi nZ¨vKv‡Ði ci wRqvDi
ingv‡bi Avg‡j ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZi Ici †_‡K wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi
Kiv nq, d‡j Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwg ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z

†iRvKvi mnevm 34
†divi my‡hvM cvq| RvgvqvZ ¯^vaxb †`‡k ¯^bv‡g ivRbxwZ Ki‡jI
QvÎmsN Zv cv‡iwb| QvÎmsN mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q wQj g~wZ©gvb
AvZ¼| mvaviY gvbyl QvÎmsN‡K ¯^bv‡g Avi MÖnY Ki‡e bvÑ Avj-
e`i‡bZv gxi Kv‡kg Avjx GB Avk¼v †_‡K 1977 mv‡j XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi †K›`ªxq gmwR‡` e‡m Ôevsjv‡`k Bmjvwg QvÎwkweiÕ
bv‡g Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi bZzb QvÎmsMV‡bi †MvovcËb K‡ib| A_©vr
†h QvÎms‡Ni bvg cwiewZ©Z nIqvi K_v wQj gyw³hy×cieZ©x AvIqvwg
wjM miKvi KZ©„K wbwl× n‡q, †mB QvÎmsN bvg cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q
wb‡R‡`i Mi‡RB| †Lv` cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡jB RvgvqvZ cvwK¯Ív‡b wbwl×
n‡qwQj `yBevi, fvi‡ZI GKevi| RvgvqvZ 1953 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡b
wbwl× n‡qwQj Aveyj Avjv gI`yw`i ûKz‡g Kvw`qvwb nZ¨vKv‡Ði
Kvi‡Y, wØZxqevi wbwl× n‡qwQj 1962 mv‡jÑ AvBqye Lv‡bi cÖYxZ
Ôgymwjg cvwievwiK AvBb Aa¨v‡`k 1961Õ-Gi mwnsm we‡ivwaZv Kivi
Kvi‡Y| ïay evsjv‡`‡kB RvgvqvZ AvbyôvwbKfv‡e KLbI wbwl× nqwb|
A_P evsjv‡`‡kB Rvgvqv‡Zi hve¾xeb wbwl× nIqvi K_v|
hy×vcivax‡`i wePvi Kivi Rb¨ ev †Kv‡bv hy×vcivax msMVb‡K wbwl×
Kivi Rb¨ msm‡` †h cwigvY msL¨vMwiôZv _vKv `iKvi, 1996 mv‡j
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi Zv wQj bvÑ G K_v Ab¯^xKvh©| wKš‘ 2008 mv‡ji
msm‡` AvIqvwg wj‡Mi ch©vß msL¨vMwiôZv wQj Ges H msm` Kvh©Ki
_vKvKv‡j AvIqvwg wjM miKvi hy×vcivax‡`i GKvs‡ki wePvi
wbwðZI K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ msm‡` ch©vß msL¨vMwiôZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I
AvIqvwg wjM miKvi RvgvqvZ‡K hy×vcivax msMVb wn‡k‡e wbwl×
Kivi K_v KíbvI K‡iwb| 2014 I 2018 mv‡ji mvܨ msm‡`
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †h cwigvY msL¨vMwiôZv wQj; Zv w`‡q m~h©‡K `w¶Y
w`K †_‡K IVv‡bv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i bi-†K bvix wKsev bvix‡K bi
evbv‡bvI m¤¢e wQj, m¤¢e wQj AvgMv‡Q Avbvim djv‡bvI| msm‡`
wecyj msL¨vMwiôZv wb‡qI AvIqvwg wjM miKvi RvgvqvZ‡K wbwl× bv
K‡i eis wbe©vPb Kwgkb‡K w`‡q GKUv wewPÎ Pvj †P‡j‡Q|
Rvgvqv‡Zi MVbZ‡š¿i wKQz aviv MYcÖwZwbwaZ¡ Av‡`‡ki mv‡_

†iRvKvi mnevm 35
mvsNwl©KÑ GB ARynv‡Z wbe©vPb Kwgkb ivR‰bwZK `j wn‡k‡e
Rvgvqv‡Zi wbeÜb evwZj K‡i w`‡q‡Q; hv AvIqvwg wj‡Mi A‡hŠw³K
K‚U‡KŠkj Qvov wKQz bv| my‡hvM †c‡qI AvIqvwg wjM miKvi
RvgvqvZ‡K wbwl× bv K‡i‡Q 1972 mv‡j; bv K‡i‡Q 1996, 2008,
2014 ev 2018 mv‡j| ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax Ab¨me `‡ji (cvwK¯Ívb
†W‡gv‡μwUK cvwU©, gymwjg wjM, †bRv‡g Bmjvg, K…lK-kÖwgK cvwU©)
mv‡_ RvgvqvZ‡KI 1972 mv‡j wbwl× K‡i w`‡j ZLb †KD †m
e¨vcv‡i Uzu kãUvI Ki‡Z cviZ bv| 1972 mv‡j wbwl× bv K‡i
hy×vcivax msMVb¸‡jv‡K evo‡Z w`‡q‡Q AvIqvwg wjMB|
Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi gyLcÎ Ô‰`wbK msMÖvg'| 1971 mv‡j ÔmsMÖvgÕ
Zxeªfv‡e evsjv‡`kwe‡ivax f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| evOvwjwba‡b
eyw×e„wËKfv‡e AMÖYx f‚wgKv †i‡LwQj GB ÔmsMÖvg'| ¯^vaxb
evsjv‡`‡kI ÔmsMÖvgÕ GKB KvR K‡i‡Q| hy×vcivax‡`i gyLcÎ wn‡k‡e
AšÍZ msMÖvg‡K wbwl× Ki‡Z cviZ AvIqvwg wj‡Mi 1996-cieZ©x
Pvi miKv‡ii ga¨Kvi †h‡Kv‡bv GKUv miKvi (D‡jøL¨, ÔmsMÖvgÕ-Gi
cÖKvkbv 1972 †_‡K 1975 ch©šÍ eÜ wQj, wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avgj
†_‡K cybivq cÖKvwkZ n‡Z _v‡K)| AvIqvwg wjM b~¨bZg †mUzKzI
K‡iwb| g„Zz¨`ÐcÖvß hy×vcivax, Rvgvqv‡Zi hyM¥ mvaviY m¤úv`K
Ave`yj Kv‡`i †gvjøv‡K Ôkwn`Õ wn‡k‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i 2019 mv‡j
ÔmsMÖvgÕ GKUv cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk K‡iwQj| Gi †cÖw¶‡Z AvIqvwg
wj‡Mi GKUv A½msMV‡bi wKQz †bZvKg©x gMevRv‡i ÔmsMÖvgÕ Kvh©vj‡q
nvgjv K‡i Ges msMÖvg-m¤úv`K Aveyj Avmv`‡K bv‡Rnvj K‡i|
Kv‡`i †gvjøv †Kv‡bv wnkv‡eB †h kwn` bv, G e¨vcv‡i 2019 mv‡jI
Avjv`v wbeÜ wj‡LwQ; Avevi Kv‡`i †gvjøv‡K kwn` e‡j AvL¨v w`‡jB
†mB cwÎKvi Kvh©vj‡q nvgjv Ki‡Z n‡e, †m e¨vcv‡i AvcwË Zz‡j
AvR wjLwQ| AvIqvwg wj‡Mi H †bZvKg©x‡`i DwPZ wQj GKvˇi
evsjv‡`kwe‡ivax f‚wgKv cvjb Kivi Aciv‡a †MvUv ÔmsMÖvgÕ
cwÎKv‡KB wbwl× Kivi `vwe‡Z K‡Vvi Av‡›`vj‡b hvIqv| wKš‘
Av‡›`vj‡bi †P‡q nvgjv mnR| Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡_ bv wM‡q Zviv nvgjvi

†iRvKvi mnevm 36
mnR c‡_B †nu‡UwQ‡jb Ges GKUv HwZnvwmK fzj K‡iwQ‡jb|
BwZnv‡m †jLv _vK‡eÑ AvIqvwg wj‡Mi Avg‡j weiæ×g‡Zi GKUv
cwÎKvi Kvh©vj‡q nvgjv n‡qwQj, cwÎKvi e‡qve„× m¤úv`K‡K †nb¯Ív
Kiv n‡qwQj| †Kb †nb¯Ív Kiv n‡qwQjÑ BwZnvm Zv Rvb‡Z PvB‡e
bv|
RvgvqvZ‡bZv‡`i mv‡_ AvIqvwg wjM-†bZv‡`i cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK
m¤ú‡K©i e„ËvšÍ Zz‡j ai‡j Zv ixwZg‡Zv I‡qemvB‡Ui AvKvi aviY
Ki‡e| hy×vcivax‡`i mšÍvbiv AvIqvwg wj‡Mi wU‡K‡U wbe©vwPZ n‡q
msm‡` wM‡q‡QbÑ Ggb bwRiI f‚wi-f‚wi| QvÎwj‡Mi D”Pc‡`
QvÎwjMv‡ii †P‡q QvÎwkwe‡ii QÙ‡ekx Kg©xi cwigvY †ewkÑ Zv
QvÎwj‡Mi bexbZg Kg©xwUI Rv‡b| Avg„Zz¨ Kviv`Ð †fvMiZ †`jvIqvi
†nvmvBb mvC`xi g„Zz¨‡Z †kvKcÖKvk K‡i‡Q QvÎwj‡Mi AmsL¨
†bZvKg©x| mvC`xi g„Zz¨‡Z †kvKcÖKvkKvix †bZvKg©x‡`i GKUv eo
Ask‡K QvÎwjM ewn®‹vi Ki‡ZI eva¨ n‡q‡Q| GB wkweiKg©xiv
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi kxl© †bZv‡`i A‡MvP‡i QvÎwj‡M cÖ‡ek K‡iwb,
ÁvZmv‡iB cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| Rvgvqv‡Zi †h‡Kv‡bv ch©v‡qi †bZv
AvIqvwg wj‡M †hvM w`‡j AvIqvwg wjM Zv‡K cy®úgvj¨ w`‡qB eiY
K‡i †bq|
B›Uvi‡b‡U 1994 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡mi GKUv Qwe cÖvqB †f‡m †eovq; †h
Qwe‡Z cvkvcvwk e‡m mvsevw`Km‡¤§jb Ki‡Qb †kL nvwmbv, mv‡R`v
†PŠayix, gI`y` Avng` Avi gwZDi ingvb wbRvgx| †mB
mvsevw`Km‡¤§jb Kx Dcj‡¶ wQj, Kx ejv n‡qwQj †mLv‡bÑ Zv Aek¨
Rvbv hvq bv| Rvbv hvq bv †mB mvsevw`Km‡¤§j‡bi Av‡M-c‡i
Rvgvqv‡Zi mv‡_ AvIqvwg wj‡Mi Kx m¤úK© wQj| AvIqvwg wj‡Mi
Zid †_‡K †mB Qwei †Kv‡bv e¨vL¨vI cvIqv hvq bv| QweUv m¤¢eZ
evigyWv Uªvqv‡½‡ji g‡Zv e¨vL¨vZxZ| AvIqvwg wjM QweUv‡K BwZnvm
†_‡K gy‡Q w`‡Z PvB‡e, h_vm¤¢e A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z PvB‡e| wKš‘
mvsevw`Km‡¤§jb †h Dcj‡¶B †nvK, †mLv‡b hv-B ejv †nvK;
BwZnv‡m QweUv †Lv`vB n‡q _vK‡e, BwZnv‡m †jLv _vK‡eÑ AvIqvwg
wjM mfvcwZ †kL nvwmbv Avi Avj-e`i‡bZv gwZDi ingvb wbRvgx

†iRvKvi mnevm 37
AšÍZ GKevi cvkvcvwk e‡m mvsevw`Km‡¤§jb K‡i‡Qb| GK †Uwe‡j
†kL nvwmbv Avi wbRvgxi mvsevw`Km‡¤§jb n‡Z cv‡i wK bv, BwZnvmB
Gi DËi †`‡e| †mB mvsevw`Km‡¤§j‡b Dcw¯’Z _vKv mv‡R`v †PŠayix
gviv †M‡Qb 2022 mv‡j, gI`y` Avng` 2021 mv‡j| wbRvgxi g„Zz¨`Ð
Kvh©Ki n‡q‡Q 2016 mv‡j| mv‡R`v, gI`y` ev wbRvgxi g„Zz¨i ga¨
w`‡qB BwZnvm g‡i hvqwb| BwZnvm Av‡iv Aewkó Av‡Q|
RvZxq cvwU© AvIqvwg wj‡Mi gnv‡Rv‡U †hvM †`Iqvq û‡mBb gyn¤§`
Gikv` †hfv‡e ˆ¯^ikvmK †_‡K ÔcÖavbgš¿xi we‡kl `~ZÕ n‡q
wM‡qwQ‡jb; †mfv‡e RvgvqvZI gnv‡Rv‡U †hvM w`‡j †Mvjvg AvRg
cÖavbgš¿xi ivR‰bwZK Dc‡`óv, wbRvgx Z_¨gš¿x, gyRvwn` Lv`¨gš¿x
n‡Zb bvÑ Gi wbðqZv †KD w`‡Z cvi‡eb bv, AšÍZ BwZnvm Zv e‡j
bv| BwZnvm e‡jÑ AvIqvwg wj‡Mi cv‡qi cvZv †_‡K gv_vi Pzj ch©šÍ
i‡Üª-i‡Üª jywK‡q Av‡Q RvgvqvZ-wkwe‡ii †bZvKg©xiv| BwZnvm Av‡iv
e‡jÑ †m‡id wbe©vPbx ˆeZiwY wbwe©‡Nœ cvi nIqvi Rb¨ AvIqvwg wjM
†ndvR‡Z Bmjv‡gi g‡Zv DMÖev`x †Mvôxi mv‡_I Avcm K‡iwQj,
†ndvR‡Zi †cÖmwμckb cvBcvB I cBcB K‡i †g‡b wb‡qwQj,
†ndvR‡Zi ûKz‡g IVem K‡iwQj| †h QqUv ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji bvg GB wbe‡Üi ïiæ‡Z D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, Gi g‡a¨
RvgvqvZ Qvov Avi †Kv‡bvUvi mwμq Aw¯ÍZ¡ eZ©gv‡b †bB| evwKiv
Kv‡ji M‡f© nvwi‡q †M‡Q, cyivbv cë‡b mvBb‡evW©me©¯^ Kvh©vjq fvov
K‡i bvgKvIqv‡¯Í wU‡K Av‡Q A_ev weGbwc‡Z †hvM w`‡q wejxb n‡q
†M‡Q| weGbwc eiveiB hy×vcivax Avi ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i cÖKvk¨
mivBLvbv| evievi my‡hvM cvIqv m‡Ë¡I AvIqvwg wjM miKvi
Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwg‡K GB †h wbwl× Kij bv, Gi †cQ‡b nq‡Zv `y‡Uv
KviY Av‡QÑ cÖ_gZ, wbwl× Ki‡j Rvgvqv‡Zi †bZviv m`jej
weGbwc‡Z †hvM w`‡q weGbwc‡Z wejxb n‡q hv‡eb, d‡j weGbwc
kw³kvjx n‡e; wØZxqZ, RvgvqvZ wbwlׇNvwlZ n‡j †h‡Kv‡bv
ivR‰bwZK Bï‡Z †`vlv‡ivc Kivi g‡Zv `j, A_©vr D‡`vi wcwÐ
Pvcv‡bvi g‡Zv Dchy³ ey‡av Avi cvIqv hv‡e bv| wbwl× bv nIqvq
AvIqvwg wjM GLb †h‡Kv‡bv wKQz‡K Ôhy×vcivax Rvgvqv‡Zi lohš¿Õ
e‡j cvi cvIqvi my‡hvM cv‡”Q, Rvgvqv‡Zi mv‡_ †RvU Kivq
†iRvKvi mnevm 38
weGbwc‡KI †LuvUv †`Iqvi AeKvk cv‡”Q| RvgvqvZ wbwl× n‡j
AvIqvwg wjM Kjwm-ew›` UvwKgvQ nviv‡e|
†Kv‡bv msMVb wbwlׇNvwlZ n‡j Gi mv‡_ cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e
m¤ú„³ †h-KvD‡K AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶vKvix evwnbx †MÖßvi Kivi AwaKvi
iv‡L| wKš‘ wbwl× bv n‡j †m‡id †mB msMV‡bi Kg©x n‡jB ev †KD
Zv‡`i †Mvcb ev cÖKvk¨ ˆeV‡K †hvM w`‡jB Zv‡K †MÖßvi Kivi ev webv
wePv‡i AvU‡K ivLvi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM †bB| GKUv msMVb‡K nq wbwl×
Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev †mB msMV‡bi mg_©K‡`i Ici wbwe©Pvi wbMÖn eÜ
Ki‡Z n‡e| †mB msMV‡bi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv msMV‡bi mg_©‡b †`‡k ev
we‡`‡k e‡m †KD wKQz wjL‡j Zvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i‡K a‡i †bIqvi
ms¯‹…wZ †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| GmcviImcvi n‡e kÎæi mv‡_,
kÎæi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i‡K bv‡Rnvj Kiv mf¨Zvi cwiPvqK bv|
AvIqvwg wjM miKvi RvgvqvZ‡K wbwl× bv K‡i cuvP `kK a‡i
RvgvqvZ‡K wb‡q †h ivR‰bwZK †Ljv †Lj‡Q, Zv ivRbxwZi Rb¨
A¯^v¯’¨Ki| gyw³hy‡× b„ksmZg f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv †m‡id ÔmsMÖvgÕ
cwÎKv‡K †h AvIqvwg wjM wbwl× Ki‡Z cv‡iwb, eis nvgjv Ki‡Z
n‡q‡Q Zv‡`i Kvh©vj‡q; †mB AvIqvwg wjM RvgvqvZ Bï‡Z hv hv e‡j,
Gi meUzKz wek¦vm‡hvM¨ bv| AvIqvwg wj‡Mi Rb¨ RvgvqvZ jvfRbK
`vevi ¸wU| weGbwc‡K hLbB †L‡j †`Iqvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o, AvIqvwg
wjM ZLbB †Svjv †_‡K RvgvqvZ KvW© †ei K‡i|
wbe©vPb Kwgk‡b Rvgvqv‡Zi GLb wbeÜb †bB| cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b Zviv
¯^bv‡g AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv, AskMÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_©x
wn‡k‡e A_ev weGbwci av‡bi wkl cÖZxK wb‡q| Rvgvqv‡Zi
kxl©‡bZvivI g„Zz¨`Ð, beŸB eQ‡ii Kviv`Ð ev Avg„Zz¨ Kviv`Ð gv_vq
wb‡q cicv‡i cvwo Rwg‡q‡Qb| eZ©gvb msm‡`I AvIqvwg wj‡Mi Av‡Q
†Nvov‡K w`‡q †Rvic~e©K wWg cvov‡bvi g‡Zv Awek¦vm¨ msL¨vMwiôZv|
AvIqvwg wjM miKvi GB ch©v‡qI RvgvqvZ‡K hy×vcivax msMVb
wn‡k‡e wePv‡ii KvVMovq `uvo Kivqwb ev wbwl× K‡iwb, eis
ivR‰bwZK `vevi ¸wU wn‡k‡e B‡”Qg‡Zv e¨envi K‡i‡Q| RvgvqvZ‡K
wbwl× Kivi Dchy³ mgq Aek¨ †cwi‡q †M‡Q| GLb wbwl× Ki‡j

†iRvKvi mnevm 39
AvÛviMÖvD‡Û P‡j wM‡q RvgvqvZ evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ eo ai‡bi wec‡`i
KviY n‡q `uvov‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avk¼v Av‡Q| RvgvqvZ‡K wbwl× Kivi
m‡e©vrK…ó mgq wQj 1972 wLªóvã| GLb m¤¢eZ nv‡Z Avi mgq †bB|
1972 †_‡K 2023-G G‡m GLb Zv n‡j †g‡b wb‡ZB nqÑ AvIqvwg
wjM GgbB GK †gwkb; †h †gwk‡bi GK cÖvšÍ w`‡q hy×vcivax XzwK‡q
w`‡j Ab¨ cÖvšÍ w`‡q gyw³‡hv×v †ewi‡q Av‡m, Avevi GK cÖvšÍ w`‡q
gyw³‡hv×v XzwK‡q w`‡j Ab¨ cÖvšÍ w`‡q hy×vcivax †ewi‡q Av‡m| A_©vr
AvIqvwg wj‡Mi c‡¶ _vK‡j KLbI-KLbI hy×vcivaxI gyw³‡hv×v
n‡q hvq, wec‡¶ †M‡j gyw³‡hv×vI hy×vcivax n‡q hvq|

†iRvKvi mnevm 40
†iRvKvi mnevm 41
gyw³hy×Kvjxb Gikv`, gyw³hy×cieZ©x Gikv` Ges
†iRvKvi cybe©vmb
2-4 †m‡Þ¤^i 2023

û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv`‡K mvaviYZ eY©bv Kiv nq GKRb kxl©-

‰¯^ikvmK, KweL¨vwZ‡jvfx †KŠZzKvwf‡bZv wKsev bvixwjáy ˆbk bvMi
wn‡k‡e| Zvi PwiÎUv‡K Ggbfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq, hv‡Z bvg
†kvbvgvÎ Pviw`KRy‡o ¯^qswμqfv‡e nvw`©K nvwm P‡j Av‡m|
beŸBcieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z wZwb Ggbme KvRKvievi
Ki‡Zb, Zv‡Z Aek¨ Zv‡K †KŠZzKvwf‡bZv g‡b nIqv A¯^vfvweK bv|
†Kv‡bv wm×v‡šÍB wZwb †ewk¶Y AUj _vK‡Z cvi‡Zb bv, FZzeZx
Aóv`kx‡`i g‡Zv gyn~‡Z©-gyn~‡Z© Zvi †gRvR-gwR© cwiewZ©Z n‡Zv|
wZwb mKv‡j ej‡Zb weGbwc †bZ…Z¡vaxb Pvi`jxq †Rv‡U AvwQ, we‡K‡j
ej‡Zb AvIqvwg wj‡Mi †PŠÏ `jxq gnv‡Rv‡U AvwQ, iv‡Z ej‡ZbÑ
RvZxq cvwU© Kv‡iv gyLv‡c¶x bv, Avgiv GKKfv‡e cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b
cÖwZØw›ØZv Kie| c„w_ex‡Z wZwb †mB weij mvgwiK kvmK‡`i
GKRbÑ cZ‡bi ciI whwb ivRbxwZ‡Z envj Zweq‡Z ivRZ¡ K‡i‡Qb,
wbR †`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z Avg„Zz¨ cÖvmw½K wQ‡jb| wKš‘ gyûg©yû gyWmywqs
Avi bwRinxb bvixm‡¤¢v‡Mi Avov‡j eiveiB XvKv c‡o hvq Zvi
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax KzrwmZ Kg©KvÐ| ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax kw³‡K ivRbxwZ‡Z
cybe©vm‡bi †h wmjwmjv L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g` I wRqvDi ingvb
Pvjy K‡iwQ‡jb, û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv` Zv Ae¨vnZ †Zv †i‡LwQ‡jbB;
†¶Îwe‡k‡l wQ‡jb Av‡iv GK KvwV †ewk m‡im| Gikv`-Avg‡ji GB
w`KUv AbywjøwLZB †_‡K hvq, AbywjøwLZ †_‡K hvq GKvˇi Gikv‡`i
inm¨RbK f‚wgKvi K_v| AvIqvwg wj‡Mi mv‡_ Avg„Zz¨ †RvUe× _vKvi
Kvi‡Y Gikv` GB `vqgyw³Uv †c‡q _v‡Kb| weGbwci c‡¶ K_v ej‡j
bvw¯ÍKI n‡q hvq ZvwË¡K ¸iæ, AvIqvwg wj‡Mi c‡¶ K_v ej‡j Avj-
e`iI n‡q hvq Avj-Avwgb|

†iRvKvi mnevm 42
1.
gyw³hy×Kv‡j Gikv‡`i eqm wQj GKPwjøk eQi, wQ‡jb mßg B÷
†e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui AwabvqK| gyw³hy× ïiæi mg‡q wZwb QzwU‡Z wbR
GjvKv iscy‡iB wQ‡jb, wKš‘ gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY bv K‡i GwcÖ‡ji
†Mvovi w`‡K wZwb cvwK¯Ív‡b P‡j hvb| gyw³hy× PjvKv‡jI wZwb
`yBevi evsjv‡`‡k G‡mwQ‡jb| †m‡Þ¤^‡i iscy‡i Amy¯’ wcZv †gvnv¤§`
gKeyj †nv‡mb‡K †`L‡Z G‡mwQ‡jb wZwb| gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY Kivi
my‡hvM †c‡qI Gikv` Avevi P‡j hvb cvwK¯Ív‡b| Ôloh‡š¿i Rv‡j
wecbœ ivRbxwZÕ eB‡q mvsevw`K Av‡e` Lvb wj‡L‡QbÑ ÔwZwb (Gikv`)
Ggb PvZz‡h©i m‡½ Zvi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb †h, †KD KL‡bv †hb
Zv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK evwnbxi G‡R›U wn‡k‡e ai‡Z bv cv‡i|
wZwb cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi mg‡q AZ¨šÍ
PZziZvi m‡½ cvwK¯Ív‡b AvUK mvgwiK evwnbxi m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨
gyw³hy×we‡ivax Ges fviZwe‡ivax Kzgš¿Yv w`‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| Zvi d‡j
¯^vaxbZvi c‡i evsjv‡`‡k Ae¯’vbKvix Ges cvwK¯ÍvbcÖZ¨vMZ‡`i g‡a¨
fqven Ges AvZ¥NvZx wefvRb ïiæ nq|Õ
gyw³hy×Kv‡j I gyw³hy×cieZ©xKv‡j Gikv` cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K MÖv‡gi
evwo iscy‡i wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ g~j¨evb mvgMÖx cvVv‡Zb| wZwb 1972
I 1973 mv‡j AšÍZ Pvievi wegvb‡hv‡M wewfbœ mvgMÖx cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K
iscy‡i Zvi evwo‡Z cvVvb, hw`I ZLb cvwK¯Ívb I evsjv‡`‡ki
wbqwgZ wegvbPjvPj wQj bv| AvšÍR©vwZK †iWμ‡mi fvov Kiv
AwbqwgZ wegv‡b K‡i Gikv` †mme mvgMÖx evwo‡Z cvVv‡Zb| AvU‡K-
cov evOvwj †mbvKg©KZ©viv ZLb cvwK¯Ív‡b wewfbœ ew›`wkwe‡i bvbvb
iKg `y‡f©v‡Mi g‡a¨ w`b KvUvw”Q‡jb, AvU‡K-cov 1200
†mbvKg©KZ©vi g‡a¨ Avi †KD Ggb myweav cvbwb| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡ZI
Gikv‡`i Ggb we‡kl myweavcÖvwß Bw½Z †`qÑ wZwb cvwK¯Ívwb
kvmK‡Mvôx I cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi wcÖqcvÎ wQ‡jb| ÔGKvˇii
gyw³hy×, i³v³ ga¨-AvM÷ I lohš¿gq b‡f¤^iÕ eB‡q K‡b©j
kvdvqvZ Rvwgj (exiweμg) aviYv K‡i‡QbÑ Gikv` wQ‡jb
cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavb †Mv‡q›`vms¯’v AvBGmAvB‡qi (B›Uvi-mvwf©‡mm

†iRvKvi mnevm 43
B‡›Uwj‡RÝ) Avkxe©v`cyó‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb| wegvb‡hv‡M iscy‡i
Pvievi g~j¨evb wRwbmcÎ cvVv‡bvi Z_¨I GB eB †_‡KB †bIqv|
Av‡iKUv we¯§qKi Z_¨ GLv‡b cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| gyw³hy‡× iscyi wQj 6
b¤^i †m±‡ii Aaxb| 1971 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^‡i Gikv` iscy‡ii
evmfe‡bB wQ‡jb| †m±i 6-Gi KgvÛvi Gg‡K evkvi-mn mevB
wm×všÍ wb‡jb Gikv`‡K gyw³hy‡× †hvM`v‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨
iscy‡i GKRb cÖwZwbwa cvVv‡bv n‡e| wm×všÍ †bIqv n‡jvÑ Ggb
KvD‡K cvVv‡Z n‡e; whwb Gikv‡`i evwo †P‡bb, †P‡bb iscyi
kniUv‡KI, whwb Gikv`‡K gyw³hy‡×i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, gyw³hy‡× Zvi
(Gikv‡`i) †hvM`v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ †evSv‡Z cvi‡eb| evBk eQi eqmx
Qv·bZv, weGjGd KgvÛvi L›`Kvi gyLZvi Gjvwn GB `vwqZ¡
†c‡jb| gyLZvi wQ‡jb Gikv‡`i `~im¤ú‡K©i AvZ¥xq| KvigvB‡Kj
K‡jR QvÎmsm‡`i wbe©vwPZ wfwc, e³v I Kwe wn‡k‡e ZrKvjxb
iscy‡i gyLZv‡ii RbwcÖqZv wQj| †m‡Þ¤^‡i cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi
†PvL duvwK w`‡q gyLZvi iscy‡i hvb, m‡½ _vKv gyw³‡hv×vmn iscyi
kn‡i AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡ib, wKš‘ K‡qK `dv †Póv K‡iI Gikv‡`i mv‡_
†`Lv Ki‡Z e¨_© nb (Av‡MB D‡jøL K‡iwQÑ Amy¯’ wcZvi †`Lfvj
Kivi Rb¨ Gikv` †m‡Þ¤^‡i evsjv‡`‡k wQ‡jb)| Gikv` †`Lv w`‡Z
ivwR nbwb (Z_¨m~ÎÑ ÔDËi iYv½‡b weRqÕ, AvLZviæ¾vgvb gÐj,
cÖKvkKvj 1990)| gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY bv K‡i Gikv` h_vixwZ
cvwK¯Ív‡b wd‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb| A_©vr gyw³‡hv×viv †Póv K‡iI Gikv`‡K
evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ hy‡× bvgv‡Z cv‡ibwb|
gyLZvi Bjvwn‡K wb‡q NuvUvNuvwU Ki‡Z wM‡q gyLZv‡ii fvB gD`y`
Bjvwni m¤úvw`Z GKUv eB‡qi mÜvb †cjvg, bvgÑ Ôkwn` †K. gyLZvi
Bjvwn Ges iscy‡i gyw³hy×'| eBUv †_‡K hv Rvb‡Z cvijvg, Zv n‡jvÑ
gyw³hy‡×i ci, †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Avg‡j, iscyi kn‡ii cÖavb
mo‡Ki bvg ivLv nq Ôkwn` gyLZvi Bjvwn miwYÕ| c‡b‡ivB AvM‡÷i
cUcwieZ©‡bi ci moKwUi mvBb‡evW© †_‡K gyLZvi Bjvwni bvg μgk
A`„k¨ n‡q †h‡Z ïiæ K‡i| gyw³hy‡×i Av‡M moKwUi bvg wQj †÷kb
†ivW| Gikv‡`i Avg‡j moKwU †di †÷kb †ivW bv‡gB cwiwPwZ

†iRvKvi mnevm 44
cvq, moK †_‡K wbwðý n‡q hvb gyLZvi| gyLZv‡ii mgvwa Avovj
Kivi Rb¨ weGbwci Avg‡j, 1995 mv‡j, †mLv‡b GKwU wUb‡kW nvB
¯‹zj (AvBiLvgvi wb¤œ-gva¨wgK we`¨vjq) wbg©vY Kiv nq; exfrm
e¨vcvi n‡jvÑ gyLZvi Bjvwni Kei †_‡K K‡qK dzU `~‡i ¯’vcb Kiv
nq `y‡Uv MY‡kŠPvMvi| H nvB ¯‹z‡j KLbI †Kv‡bv wk¶K wb‡qvM
†`Iqv nqwb, †Kv‡bv wk¶v_©xI fwZ© Kiv nqwb| A_©vr †m‡id gyLZvi
Bjvwni KeiUv‡K †jvKPÿzi Avovj Kivi Rb¨ Ges GB Ke‡ii cv‡k
MY‡kŠPvMvi ewm‡q Zv‡K Am¤§vwbZ Kivi Rb¨B †mLv‡b GKUv fzqv
¯‹zj wbg©vY Kiv nq| †mB †Rvov-†kŠPvMvi I wUb‡kW feb GLbI
Av‡Q| GKRb gyw³‡hv×vi gi‡YvËi Am¤§vb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨
cÖkvmwbK D‡`¨v‡M †hLv‡b GZ Gjvwn Av‡qvRb, †mLv‡b eyS‡Z Avi
evwK _v‡K bvÑ gyLZvi Bjvwni Ici Kvi †¶vf †Kv_vq|
2.
hy×vcivax‡`i wePv‡ii Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k hLbB †Kv‡bv UªvBeybvj MwVZ
n‡q‡Q; `kw`K †_‡K AZz¨rmvnx gvbevwaKviKg©xiv nvq-nvq K‡i
D‡V‡Qb, wePv‡ii gvb wb‡q cÖkœ Zz‡j‡Qb, g„Zz¨`‡Ði we‡ivwaZv K‡i
RMrRy‡o gvbeZv cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb, AZxZ fz‡j mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q
hvIqvi Rb¨ gyûg©yû †gvwU‡fkbvj w¯úP w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ gRvi e¨vcvi
n‡jvÑ GKvˇi cvwK¯Ív‡b AvU‡K-cov evOvwj †mbvKg©KZ©v‡`i
wePv‡ii Rb¨ cvwK¯Ívb miKvi UªvBeybvj MVb K‡iwQj; Gi weiæ‡×
we‡k¦i †Kv‡bv gvbevwaKvi-ms¯’v ZLb iv-kã K‡iwb, hy×vcivax‡`i
c‡¶ _vKv G-†`kxq `vjvj eyw×RxexivI Uzu-kã K‡ibwb| evsjv‡`k
hLb cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi GK‡kv cuPvbeŸBRb hy×vcivaxi wePv‡ii
k³ `vwe †Zv‡j, cvwK¯Ívb Zvr¶wYKfv‡e †NvlYv †`q H GK‡kv
cuPvbeŸB cvwK¯Ívwb hy×vcivaxi wePvi Kiv n‡j cvwK¯Ívb †m-†`‡k
AvU‡K cov evOvwj †mbvKg©KZ©v‡`iI wePvi Ki‡e| †NvlYv w`‡qB
cvwK¯Ívb †_‡g _v‡Kwb| cvwK¯Ív‡b Kg©iZ †hme evOvwj †mbvKg©KZ©v
GKvˇi evsjv‡`‡k Avmvi Rb¨ mxgvšÍ cvwo w`‡Z wM‡q aiv
c‡owQ‡jb, Zv‡`i wePv‡ii Rb¨ cvwK¯Ívb miKvi UªvBeybvj MVb K‡i
e‡m| ïay Zv-B bv, cvwK¯Ív‡b AvU‡K cov Pvi jvL mvaviY evOvwj‡KI

†iRvKvi mnevm 45
Zviv wRw¤§ K‡i| GKvˇiB PvKwiPz¨Z Kiv n‡q‡QÑ Ggb †lv‡jv
nvRvi evOvwj miKvwi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvixi cvwK¯ÍvbZ¨v‡Mi Ici Zviv
wb‡lavÁvI Av‡ivc K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨cÖKvkKvix AmsL¨
evOvwj‡K Zviv AeY©bxq `y‡f©v‡Mi g‡a¨ ew›` K‡i iv‡L| GKvˇii ci
AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi `yM©g c_ cvwo w`‡q evsjv‡`‡k wdi‡Z PvIqv A‡bK
evOvwj †e‡Nv‡i cÖvYI nvwi‡q‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡k †diZ Avmvi Rb¨ hviv
cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K mxgvšÍ cvwo w`‡q AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b P‡j wM‡qwQ‡jb,
Zv‡`i‡K awi‡q †`Iqvi Rb¨ fz‡Æv miKvi gv_vwcQz GK nvRvi iæwc
cyi¯‹viI †NvlYv K‡iwQj|
hv †nvK, evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q aiv cov evOvwj
†mbvKg©KZ©v‡`i wePv‡ii Rb¨ †h UªvBeybvj MwVZ n‡qwQj, PvÂj¨Ki
e¨vcvi n‡jvÑ †mB UªvBeybv‡ji †Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb û‡mBb gyn¤§`
Gikv`| GB Z_¨ cvIqv hvq †gRi iwdKzj Bmjv‡gi (exiDËg)
ÔcÖwZ‡iv‡ai cÖ_g cÖniÕ eB‡q, GKB †jL‡Ki Ôˆ¯^ikvm‡bi bq eQiÕ
eB‡qI GB Z_¨ †g‡j| Ôloh‡š¿i Rv‡j wecbœ ivRbxwZÕ eB‡q
mvsevw`K Av‡e` LvbI GKB K_v wj‡L‡Qb, GKB `vwe K‡i‡Qb XvKv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK W. Av‡bvqvi †nv‡mbI (K‡b©j Zv‡n‡ii fvB)|
Gikv` Aek¨ Gme Z_¨ A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| 2014 mv‡j wZwb `vwe
K‡i‡Qb, Ô`yf©vM¨Ñ ¯^vaxbZvhy‡× Avwg Ask wb‡Z cvwiwb| hy× ïiæi
gvÎ GK gvm Av‡M Avgv‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b e`wj Kiv nq| hw` †`‡k
_vKZvg, Zv n‡j Rxeb evwR †i‡LB ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ hy× KiZvg|
hy‡×i mg‡q Ges ¯^vaxbZvi c‡i cvwK¯Ív‡b ¯¿xmn ew›` wQjvg| e½eÜzi
K‚U‰bwZK mvd‡j¨ Avgiv †`‡k wdi‡Z †c‡iwQ|Õ
wKš‘ GKvˇii GwcÖ‡j evsjv‡`kZ¨vM, gyw³hy×Kv‡j Amy¯’ wcZv‡K
†`L‡Z iscy‡i AvMgb, iscy‡i cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i Rb¨ wegvb‡hv‡M
bwRiwenxbfv‡e DcnvimvgMÖx cvVv‡bvÑ BZ¨vKvi Z_¨ cÖgvY K‡i bv
Gikv` GKvˇi cvwK¯Ív‡bi ew›`wkwe‡i wQ‡jb| eis cÖgvY K‡iÑ
GKvˇi cvwK¯Ív‡b wZwb gy³ cwi‡e‡kB wQ‡jb Ges cvK miKv‡ii
Avkxe©v`ab¨ wQ‡jb| cvwK¯Ív‡bi †`vmi bv n‡j †Kv‡bv evOvwj
†mbvKg©KZ©vi c‡¶ gyw³hy×Kv‡j wbwe©‡Nœ wbR evwo‡Z Avmv ev _vKv

†iRvKvi mnevm 46
m¤¢e wQj bv| Gikv` mZ¨ev`x wQ‡jbÑ BwZnvm †Nu‡U Gi c‡¶ †Kv‡bv
cÖgvY †KD nvwRi Ki‡Z cvi‡e e‡j g‡b nq bv| AvBqye Lv‡bi
Avg‡j Gikv` wbkvb-B-cvwK¯Ívb †LZve †c‡qwQ‡jb (†LZvecÖvwßi
KviY ev mvj m¤ú‡K© ¯úó wKQz Rvb‡Z cvwiwb)| ivóªcwZ _vKvKv‡jI
Gikv` GB †LZve e¨envi Ki‡Zb| G‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ Zvi AvKÉ
AvbyMZ¨B cÖKvwkZ nq| ivóªcwZ _vKvKv‡jI Gikv‡`i wbkvb-B-
cvwK¯Ívb †LZve-e¨envi Ae¨vnZ ivLvi K_v †R‡bwQ 2019 mv‡ji 16
RyjvB ÔKv‡ji KÉÕ cwÎKvq Ave`yj Mvddvi †PŠayixi ÔGikv`-Pwi‡Îi
GKwU g~j¨vqbÕ Kjv‡g| gyw³hy×Kv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡b AvU‡K-cov evOvwj
Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K 1973 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k †diZ cvVv‡Z m¤§Z nq
cvwK¯Ívb miKvi| †mB `dvq Ab¨ mevi g‡Zv Gikv`I evsjv‡`‡k
†d‡ib| GKvˇi cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K GKUv wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡k
G‡m hy‡× †hvM`v‡bi my‡hvM _vKv m‡Ë¡I hviv evsjv‡`‡k †d‡ibwb ev
hy× ïiæi ci evsjv‡`k †_‡K Dj‡Uv cvwK¯Ív‡b P‡j †M‡QbÑ Ggb
Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K, Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB, ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k PvKwiPz¨Z Kiv
nq| Rbv cÂv‡kK Kg©KZ©v‡K G-Kvi‡Y PvKwi nviv‡Z nq| PvKwi
nvivb Gikv`I|
Gikv‡`i AmsL¨ DccZœxi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb gwiqg ggZvR †gwi|
†Mvc‡b we‡q Ki‡jI †gwi‡K Gikv` KLbI cÖKvk¨ ¯^xK…wZ †`bwb|
Gi cÖwZ‡kva¯^iƒc gwiqg Gikv‡`i `yb©xwZi BwZe„Ë AvšÍR©vwZK
MYgva¨‡g duvm K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| 1987 mv‡ji 13 wW‡m¤^i
ÔBjv‡÷ª‡UW DBKwj Ae BwÛqvÕ cwÎKvq †gwii GKUv mv¶vrKvi
cÖKvwkZ nq| Zv‡Z wZwb e‡jbÑ ÔGikv` gvbwmK I kvixwiKfv‡e
`ye©j cÖK…wZi gvbyl| †m Avgvi Kv‡Q AvmZ, G‡m wb‡Ri bvbvb mgm¨v
wb‡q KvbœvKvwU KiZ| gyw³‡hv×v wQj bv weavq Gikv`‡K †KD wek¦vm
KiZ bv| I wQj †m‡id GKRb cvwK¯ÍvbcÖZ¨vMZ Kg©KZ©v|
cvwK¯ÍvbcÖZ¨vMZ A‡bK Kg©KZ©v‡K evsjv‡`‡k kvw¯Íi gy‡LvgywLI n‡Z
n‡qwQj| mevB I‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi G‡R›U e‡j m‡›`n KiZ, ejZÑ I
evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ KvR K‡iwb, me‡P‡q msKUgq gyn~‡Z© †`‡ki mv‡_ I
MvÏvwi K‡i‡Q| Ii mv‡_i A‡bK Kg©KZ©vB cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K cvwj‡q
evsjv‡`‡k G‡m hy‡× †hvM w`‡qwQj| Zv n‡j I †Kb †`qwb?
†iRvKvi mnevm 47
gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q Ii †cvw÷s wQj fviZ-mxgv‡šÍi mv‡_ jv‡Mvqv|
PvB‡j †m cv‡q †nu‡UB mxgvšÍ cvwo w`‡Z cviZ| †m Zv K‡iwb,
†mRb¨B mevB Zv‡K m‡›`n K‡i|Õ gyw³hy×cieZ©xKv‡j Gikv‡`i
PvKwi wb‡q †h RwUjZvi m„wó n‡qwQj, †m cÖm‡½ †gwi H GKB
mv¶vrKv‡i e‡jwQ‡jbÑ Ôgyw³hy‡×i ciciB †kL gywRe Gikv`‡K
PvKwiPz¨Z K‡ib Ges e‡j †`b Gikv`‡K wZwb evsjv‡`‡k †`L‡Z Pvb
bv| wKš‘ wRqvDi ingvb †kL gywRe‡K e‡jbÑ Gikv` wmwbqi
Kg©KZ©v, Zv‡K evsjv‡`k †_‡K †ei K‡i w`‡j †mbvevwnbx‡Z wgkÖ
cÖwZwμqv ˆZwi n‡e| Gikv` Gfv‡eB †eu‡P hvq| wKš‘ gywRe Abo
wQ‡jb| wZwb e‡jwQ‡jb †h, wZwb Gikv‡`i †PnvivUvI †`L‡Z Pvb
bv|Õ
Avi †gRi iwdKzj Bmjv‡gi fvl¨g‡ZÑ Ôevsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci
Gikv` evsjv‡`‡k †diZ Av‡mb Ges PvKwi wd‡i cvIqvi Rb¨ Aw¯’i
n‡q c‡ob| ZrKvjxb cÖwZgš¿x I KzwoMÖv‡gi AvIqvwg wjM-†bZv
wiqvRDwÏb wgqv GKw`b mܨvq Gikv`‡K cvRvgv-cvÄvwe cwi‡q Gi
Ici GKwU gywRe †KvU cwi‡q Zvi n‡q Z`we‡ii Rb¨ †kL gywReyi
ingv‡bi evwo‡Z wb‡q wM‡q Zv‡K cwiPq Kwi‡q w`‡q e‡jbÑ Avgvi
fvM‡bi PvKwiUv bv _vK‡j hy× K‡i Avgvi Kx jvf n‡jv! G K_v
ejvi mv‡_-mv‡_ Gikv` †kL gywR‡ei cv Qzu‡q mvjvg K‡ib| †kL
gywRe G‡Z Lywk n‡q Zv‡K PvKwi‡Z envj ivLvi wb‡`©k †`b|Õ A_©vr
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi cv a‡i PvKwi i¶v K‡i‡QbÑ Gikv` m¤ú‡K© G
ai‡bi mv¶¨I BwZnv‡m cvIqv hvq|
3.
†mbvevwnbxi †h Kg©KZ©viv gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb Ges
evsjv‡`‡k Ae¯’vb Kiv m‡Ë¡I †hme †mbvKg©KZ©v evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶
hy× K‡ibwb ev hy× ïiæi ci my‡hvM _vKv m‡Ë¡I †h †mbvKg©KZ©viv
evsjv‡`‡k wd‡i hy× K‡ibwb; 1973-cieZ©x evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbx‡Z,
Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB, GB `yB †kÖwYi †mbvKg©KZ©v‡`i g‡a¨ cÖKvk¨ I
AcÖKvk¨ Ø›Ø wQj| gyw³‡hv×v I A-gyw³‡hv×viv GKB evwnbx‡Z
GKBmv‡_ kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bvÑ GwUB Awbevh©| ؇›Øi

†iRvKvi mnevm 48
Ab¨Zg KviYÑ ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k GK miKvwi Av‡`‡k mvgwiK I
†emvgwiK ch©v‡q Kg©iZ miKvwi PvKwiRxex gyw³‡hv×v‡`i‡K A-
gyw³‡hv×v‡`i †P‡q `yB eQ‡ii †R¨ôZv †`Iqv nq, hv cvwK¯Ívb‡diZ
†Kv‡bv †mbvm`m¨ †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| gyw³‡hv×v‡`i `yB eQ‡ii
†R¨ôZv‡K Gikv` †mbvm`‡ii 1973-cieZ©x cÖ_g Kbdv‡i‡Ý P¨v‡jÄ
K‡iwQ‡jb| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi RxeÏkvqB Gikv` gyw³‡hv×v I A-
gyw³‡hv×v †mbvm`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ cwiKwíZfv‡e msNvZ m„wó K‡ib|
wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avg‡j cÖ_‡g Dc-†mbvcÖavb nIqvi ci Gikv`
wRqvi †hvMmvR‡k gyw³‡hv×v Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K †mbvevwnbxi D”Pc` †_‡K
mwi‡q †`b Ges Zv‡`i AwaKvsk‡K e`wj K‡i cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g cvwV‡q
†`b| GiB avivevwnKZvq †mbvevwnbx‡Z gyw³‡hv×v I A-gyw³‡hv×v‡`i
g‡a¨ GK mœvqyhy‡×i m~Pbv nq| wewfbœ †mbvKg©KZ©v wjß nb wewfbœ
loh‡š¿|
4.
wRqvDi ingvb wbnZ nIqvi ci Gikv` wRqvnZ¨vi wePv‡ii bv‡g GK
loh‡š¿i †Ljvq †g‡Z I‡Vb| wRqvnZ¨vi wePv‡ii bv‡g wZwb
†mbvevwnbx‡Z _vKv gyw³‡hv×v‡`i‡K †Rvic~e©K PvKwi †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ
†`b, cÖnmbg~jK wePv‡ii gva¨‡g gyw³‡hv×v †mbvKg©KZ©v‡`i‡K
g„Zz¨`ÐI †`b| D‡jøL¨Ñ wRqvnZ¨vi mg‡q Gikv` wQ‡jb †mbvcÖavb|
wRqvnZ¨vi mv‡_ RwoZ _vKvi m‡›`‡n †Rbv‡ij GgG gÄyi‡K nZ¨v
Kiv nq| exiDËg †LZvecÖvß gÄyi wQ‡jb gyw³hy‡×i GKRb †m±i
KgvÛvi| Gikv` gÄyinZ¨vgvgjvi cÖavb Avmvwg wQ‡jb| wRqvnZ¨vi
my‡hv‡M Gikv` I wKQz A-gyw³‡hv×v †mbvKg©KZ©v cvwK¯ÍvbcÖZ¨vMZ
†gRi †Rbv‡ij mvgv`‡K mfvcwZ K‡i cÖnmbg~jKfv‡e gyw³‡hv×v
†mbvKg©KZ©v QuvUvB Kivi Rb¨ GKwU †evW© MVb K‡ib| G †ev‡W©i
gva¨‡g AviI cÖvq lvURb gyw³‡hv×v †mbvKg©KZ©v‡K wewfbœ ARynv‡Z
†mbvevwnbx †_‡K ewn®‹vi Kiv nq| A™¢yZ welq n‡jvÑ Gme gyw³‡hv×v
Kg©KZ©v‡K †Kb Gfv‡e bv‡Rnvj Kiv n‡jv, cieZ©x miKvi¸‡jv †m-
e¨vcv‡i Z`‡šÍi AvMÖn †`Lvqwb ev D‡ØM cÖKvk K‡iwb| Gikv`
ivóªcwZ _vKvKv‡j †mbvevwnbx‡Z gyw³‡hv×v‡`i eskai‡`i

†iRvKvi mnevm 49
PvKwicÖ`vbI AwjwLZfv‡e wbwl× wQj| Gme Z_¨ †R‡bwQ †gRi
†Rbv‡ij gBbyj †nv‡mb †PŠayixi ÔGK †Rbv‡i‡ji bxie mv¶¨Õ eB
†_‡K| †gvÏv K_vÑ cvwK¯Ívb‡diZ †mbvKg©KZ©v û‡mBb gyn¤§`
Gikv` evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbx‡K cvwK¯ÍvbxKi‡Yi Kv‡RB wjß wQ‡jb,
wZwb †mbvevwnbx‡Z weªwUk‡`i g‡Zv ÔwWfvBW A¨vÛ iæjÕ bxwZ ev¯Íevqb
K‡i wb‡Ri Av‡Li ¸wQ‡q‡Qb| GKvˇi ev ¶gZv `L‡ji AvM ch©šÍ
Gikv` Ggb wKQz K‡ibwbÑ hv gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ hvq|
Gikv` gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY bv Kiv m‡Ë¡I wRqvDi ingvb Gikv`‡K
gyw³‡hv×v msm‡`i cÖav‡bi c‡` ewm‡qwQ‡jb| wRqvnZ¨vi ci,
¶gZvq hvIqvi c_ cÖk¯Í Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨, mg_©b Av`v‡qi Rb¨
†mbvcÖavb Gikv` mvgwiK evwnbxi †eZb-fvZv `yBevi e„w×
K‡iwQ‡jb| gyw³‡hv×v msm‡`i GK mfvq e³…ZvKv‡j wb‡R‡K wZwb
gyw³‡hv×v e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib Ges GB eve` Zvi Zuv‡e`viiv Zr¶bvr
Zv‡K ÔiYexiÕ Dcvwa †`q (Z_¨m~ÎÑ Ôˆ¯^ikvm‡bi bq eQiÕ, †gRi
iwdKzj Bmjvg)| exi‡kÖô, exiDËg, exiweμg, exicÖZxK ev e½exi
†LZve †RvUv‡bv †h‡nZz †Kv‡bvfv‡eB m¤¢e bv; †m‡nZz Gikv` wb‡Ri
Rb¨ ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb ÔiYexiÕ †LZve| PvUzKviiv Zv‡K cwjøeÜz
DcvwaI w`‡qwQj| wZwb nq‡Zv †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Ôe½eÜzÕ
†LZv‡ei Av`‡j †gvmv‡ne‡`i‡K w`‡q wb‡Ri Rb¨ ÔcwjøeÜzÕ †LZve
ˆZwi Kwi‡q wb‡qwQ‡jb|
5.
evsjv‡`‡k hy×vcivax‡`i‡K me‡P‡q †ewk my‡hvM-myweav w`‡qwQ‡jb
wRqvDi ingvb| G‡`i‡K wØZxq me©vwaK myweav w`‡q‡Qb Gikv`| †kL
gywReyi ingvb wbnZ bv n‡j wRqv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB ivóªcwZ n‡Z cvi‡Zb
bv, wRqv ivóªcwZ bv n‡j Gikv‡`iI KLbI ivóªcwZ nIqv n‡Zv bv|
Gikv‡`i ¶gZvmxb nIqv wQj gywRenZ¨viB avivevwnKZv gvÎ| d‡j,
wRqvDi ingv‡bi gwš¿mfvi g‡Zv Gikv‡`i gwš¿mfvI wQj
†iRvKvi‡`i KjKvKwj‡Z gyLwiZ| Gikv‡`i gwš¿mfv wRqvi
gwš¿mfvi g‡ZvB hy×vcivax‡`i cÖK…ó cybe©vmb‡K›`ª| Gikv`-gwš¿mfvi
me‡P‡q KzL¨vZ hy×vcivax BbwKjve cwÎKvi cÖwZôvZv gIjvbv Ave`yj

†iRvKvi mnevm 50
gvbœvb| c~e© cvwK¯Ívb gv`ªvmvwk¶K mwgwZi mfvcwZ wn‡k‡e
gv`ªvmvwk¶K‡`i GKwU cÖwZwbwa`j wb‡q 1971 mv‡ji 27 †m‡Þ¤^i
gvbœvb †Rbv‡ij wbqvwRi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡ib| wbqvwR‡K GK Kwc †Kvivb
Dcnvi w`‡q gvbœvb e‡jwQ‡jbÑ ÔcvwK¯Ív‡bi wbivcËv I Bmjv‡gi
†MŠie e„w×i Rb¨ Avgiv †mbvevwnbx‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z|Õ GB
ˆeV‡Ki ci gv`ªvmvwk¶K I Qv·`i‡K †iRvKvi, Avj-e`i I Avk-
kvg‡m AšÍf©y³ K‡i mvgwiK cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| gvbœvb-msμvšÍ
DwjøwLZ Z‡_¨i Drm ÔGKvˇii NvZK I `vjvjiv †K †Kv_vqÕ eB‡qi
c„ôv 88-90|
evsjv‡`‡k 1990 mv‡j Gikv`we‡ivax Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb hLb Zz‡½
D‡VwQj, ZLb BbwKjve‡K w`‡q Gikv` GKUv ¸Re iwU‡q †`‡k `v½v
euvav‡bvi †Póv K‡ib, hv‡Z `v½v-`g‡bi †`vnvB w`‡q †`kRy‡o
aicvKo Kiv hvq| fvi‡Zi KÆi wn›`y‡`i GKUv `j 1990 mv‡ji
30 A‡±vei A‡hva¨vi evewi gmwR` fvOvi †Póv K‡iwQj wVKB| wKš‘
Zviv e¨_© nq| Iw`‡K BbwKjve cwÎKv c‡iiw`b cÖ_g cvZvq AvU
Kjv‡g B‡”QK…Zfv‡e wi‡cvU© K‡i †h, A‡hva¨vq evewi gmwR` †f‡O
†djv n‡q‡Q| Gi ci Gikv` wbR¯^ evwnbx w`‡q †`ke¨vcx `v½v
euvav‡bvi †Póv Ki‡jI `v½v Lye-GKUv euv‡awb| wi‡cv‡U©i GKw`b ci
Gikv` †jvK-†`Lv‡bvi Rb¨ BbwKjve cwÎKvi wW‡K¬qv‡ikb evwZj
K‡ib, c‡i Avevi †diZI †`b| Gfv‡eB GKUv m¤¢ve¨ `v½vi AKvj
Mf©cvZ N‡U| Ave`yj gvbœvb gyw³hy×Kv‡j †hgb gvbeZvwe‡ivax
Aciva K‡i‡Qb, †Zgwb beŸB‡qI wb‡Ri cwÎKvi gva¨‡g `v½v
euvav‡bvi †Póv K‡i msL¨vjNy‡`i Ici aŸsmhÁ bvwg‡q Avbvi cuvqZviv
K‡i‡Qb|
PÆMÖv‡gi KzL¨vZ hy×vcivax mvjvDwÏb Kv‡`i †PŠayixi K…ZK‡g©i K_v
me©Rbwew`Z| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, gyw³hy× I gyw³‡hv×v‡`i‡K
KUv¶ K‡i †Lv` ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k e‡mB mvjvDwÏb hZ K_v e‡j‡Qb;
Zv cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi †Kv‡bv hy×vcivaxI e‡j‡Qb wK bvÑ m‡›`n
Av‡Q| hy×vciv‡ai `v‡q †kl ch©šÍ 2015 mv‡j Zvi g„Zz¨`Ð Kvh©Ki
nq| mvjvDwÏb wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avg‡j mvsm` n‡q‡Qb, Lv‡j`v wRqv

†iRvKvi mnevm 51
Zv‡K wb‡Ri msm`welqK Dc‡`óv evwb‡q‡Qb Ges IAvBwmi gnvmwPe
c‡` cÖwZØw›ØZv Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k †_‡K g‡bvbqb w`‡q‡Qb, Avi
Gikv` Zv‡K w`‡q‡Qb gwš¿Z¡| mvjvDwÏb 1986 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b
Gikv‡`i RvZxq cvwU© †_‡K mvsm` n‡qwQ‡jb| Gikv` mvjvDwÏb‡K
wZbevi wZb gš¿Yvjq w`‡q‡QbÑ ÎvY I cybe©vmb, M„nvqY I MYc~Z©
Ges ¯^v¯’¨ I cwieviKj¨vY|
1971 mv‡j Aa©mnmªvwaK ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K wb‡q cvwK¯Ívb
†mbvevwnbxi mn‡hvwMZvq ÔKvqmvi evwnbxÕ MVb K‡ib ZrKvjxb
gymwjg wjM-†bZv ˆmq` †gvnv¤§` Kvqmvi| wZwb wb‡R wQ‡jb
evwnbxcÖavb| GB evwnbx nweMÄ, PzbviæNvU, gvaecyi, bvwmibMi I
eªvþYevwoqvq e¨vcK nZ¨v, al©Y, jyÉb I AwMœms‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ hy³
wQj; MÖv‡gi bvix‡`i‡K AcniY K‡i cvwV‡q w`Z †mbv K¨v‡¤ú| 1971
mv‡ji 6 wW‡m¤^i Kvqmvi cvwj‡q jÛ‡b P‡j hvb| †`‡k †d‡ib †kL
gywReyi ingvb wbnZ nIqvi ci| wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avg‡j 1978
mv‡j AveviI ivRbxwZ‡Z mwμq nb Kvqmvi| 1979 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b
wm‡jU-17 Avmb †_‡K wZwb ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_©x wn‡k‡e mvsm` nb| c‡i wZwb
weGbwc‡Z †hvM †`b Ges wRqv Zv‡K nweMÄ weGbwci mfvcwZ-c‡`
AwawôZ K‡ib| wRqv Zv‡K msm‡`i ûBcI evwb‡qwQ‡jb| GKch©v‡q
Kvqmvi RvZxq cvwU©‡Z †hvM †`b Ges nweMÄ kvLvi mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡
cvb| 1986 I 1988 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b nweMÄ-4 Avmb †_‡K RvZxq
cvwU©i g‡bvbq‡b wZwb `yB `dv mvsm` nb| Gi ci Zv‡K
K…wlcÖwZgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ †`b û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv`| wRqvDi ingv‡bi
ûBc I Gikv‡`i K…wlcÖwZgš¿x Kvqmvi‡K ÔAvšÍR©vwZK Aciva
Av`vjZÕ gyw³hy×Kvjxb hy×vciv‡ai `v‡q 2014 mv‡j g„Zz¨`Ð cÖ`vb
K‡i, g„Zz¨`Ð gv_vq wb‡q wZwb 2022 mv‡j KvivMv‡i g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib|
GKvˇi VvKziMuvI‡qi wgR©v iæûj Avwgb wQ‡jb cvKevwnbxi mn‡hvMx|
hy×vciva msNU‡bi Awf‡hv‡M evnvˇii `vjvj AvB‡b muvBwÎk nvRvi
`vjv‡ji mv‡_ wZwbI †MÖßvi nb| 1973 mv‡j †kL gywReyi ingvb
mvaviY `vjvj‡`i Rb¨ mvaviY ¶gv †NvlYv K‡ib| nZ¨v, al©Y,
jyUZivR, AwMœms‡hvMÑ GB Pvi mywbw`©ó Awf‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ m¤ú„³‡`i

†iRvKvi mnevm 52
Rb¨ ÔmvaviY ¶gvÕ cÖ‡hvR¨ wQj bv| mvaviY ¶gv †NvlYvi ci QvweŸk
nvRvi `vjvj gyw³ †c‡q †ewi‡q †M‡jI GMv‡iv nvRvi `vjvj
KvivMv‡iB ew›` wQj| wgR©v iæûj Avwgb mvaviY ¶gv bv-cvIqv †mB
GMv‡iv nvRv‡ii GKRb| 1975 mv‡ji 31 wW‡m¤^i wRqvDi ingvb
`vjvj AvBb evwZj K‡i mevB‡K gy³ K‡i †`b, †mB myev‡` KvivMvi
†_‡K Qvov cvb iæûj AvwgbI| 1979 mv‡j wRqvi Avg‡j w`bvRcyi-
4 †_‡K I Gikv‡`i Avg‡j 1988 mv‡j VvKziMuvI-2 †_‡K wZwb
mvsm` wbe©vwPZ nb| `vjvj AvB‡b †Rj-LvUv iæûj Avwgb‡K Gikv`
wZbevi wZb gš¿Yvj‡qi gš¿x evwb‡qwQ‡jbÑ K…wl, mgvRKj¨vY Ges
grm¨ I cïm¤ú`| D‡jøL¨ wgR©v iæûj Avwgb (WvKbvg †PvLv wgqv)
weGbwci eZ©gvb gnvmwPe wgR©v dLiæj Bmjvg AvjgwM‡ii evev|
†Mvjvg AvRg‡K Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi Avwgi †NvlYvi cÖwZev‡`
Rvnvbviv Bgv‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1992 mv‡j M‡o I‡V MYAv`vjZ| 1993
mv‡j cÖ_g el©c~wZ©‡Z MYAv`vjZ AvURb hy×vcivaxi bvg †NvlYv
K‡ibÑ AveŸvm Avjx Lvb, gwZDi ingvb wbRvgx, †gv. Kvgviæ¾vgvb,
Ave`yj Avwjg, †`jvIqvi †nvmvBb mvC`x, gIjvbv Ave`yj gvbœvb,
Ave`yj Kv‡`i †gvjøv I Av‡bvqvi Rvwn`| mvsevw`K-†bZv Rvwn`
gyw³hy‡×i mwμq we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb| 1978 mv‡j weGbwc-MVb I
Gi †NvlYvcÎ ˆZwi‡Z wZwb f‚wgKv †i‡LwQ‡jb, Lv‡j`v wRqv Zv‡K
evwb‡qwQ‡jb wb‡Ri Z_¨-Dc‡`óv| Avi 1986 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b RvZxq
cvwU©i g‡bvbq‡b mvsm` nIqvi ci Gikv` Zv‡K evwb‡qwQ‡jb gš¿x|
Av‡bvqvi Rvwn` XvKv mvsevw`K BDwbq‡bi mfvcwZ nIqvi my‡hvM
†c‡q‡Qb `yBeviÑ GKevi 1978 mv‡j wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avg‡j,
Av‡iKevi 1983 mv‡j Gikv‡`i Avg‡j| Gikv` AšÍZ `kRb
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K gwš¿mfvq VuvB w`‡qwQ‡jb|
6.
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi nZ¨vKvix‡`i‡K cyi¯‹…Z Kivi †h aviv L›`Kvi
†gvkZvK I wRqvDi ingvb ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb; Gikv` †mB aviv‡K
Awek¦vm¨ ch©v‡q wb‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb, †hvM K‡iwQ‡jb bwRiwenxb gvÎv|
†kL gywR‡ei Lywbiv 1975 mv‡ji 3 b‡f¤^‡ii †mbvwe‡`ªv‡ni ci

†iRvKvi mnevm 53
cÖvYf‡q †`k †_‡K cvwj‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| wewfbœ †`‡ki evsjv‡`k
`~Zvev‡m PvKwi w`‡jI ¶gZv nviv‡bvi Avk¼vq wRqv Zv‡`i‡K †`‡k
wdwi‡q Av‡bbwb| †Kbbv †h LywbPμ †kL gywRe‡K mcwievi wbg©~j K‡i
w`‡Z †c‡i‡Q, wRqv‡KI wb‡Kk K‡i †`Iqv Zv‡`i Rb¨ KwVb wKQz bv|
wKš‘ †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi nZ¨vKvix‡`i cÖwZ †cÖgcÖ`k©‡b Gikv`
wRqv‡K Qvwo‡q †hvRb-†hvRb `~‡i P‡j wM‡qwQ‡jb| †kL gywR‡ei
¯^‡NvwlZ Lywb‡`i GKvsk‡K Gikv` wewfbœ †`‡ki evsjv‡`k `~Zvev‡m
c‡`vbœwZ †`b Ges GKvsk‡K wbR `vwq‡Z¡ XvKvq wdwi‡q wb‡q Av‡mb|
Gikv`-miKvi I †Mv‡q›`vms¯’vi mn‡hvwMZvq Zviv cÖMk (cÖMwZkxj
MYZvwš¿K kw³) bv‡g GKUv ivR‰bwZK `jI MVb K‡ib (Z_¨m~ÎÑ
2009 mv‡ji 19 b‡f¤^i cÖ_g Av‡jvq gwZDi ingv‡bi †jLv wbeÜÑ
ÔLywbPμ‡K i¶v K‡i‡Q wRqv-Gikv`-Lv‡j`v miKviÕ)| wkD‡i IVvi
g‡Zv e¨vcvi n‡jvÑ †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Lywb ˆmq` dviæK ingvb I
L›`Kvi Ave`yi iwk` Gikv‡`i Avg‡j, 1985 mv‡j, cÖKv‡k¨
Ôc‡b‡ivB AvM÷ wecø‡ei Av`k© ev¯Íevqb KwgwUÕ M‡o †Zv‡jb Ges
GB KwgwUi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ cwiPvjbv K‡ib| GZ eo
¯úa©v †`Lv‡bvi my‡hvM dviæK-iwk`‡K Gikv`B K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb|
wjweqvi ivóªcwZ gyqv¤§i MvÏvwdi A_©vq‡b Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZ
Gikv‡`i cÖZ¨¶ c„ô‡cvlKZvq dviæK-iwk` †nv‡Uj †kivU‡b 1987
mv‡ji 3 AvM÷ Ôwd«Wg cvwU©Õ bvgK GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡ib|
AvIqvwg wjM-weGbwc I D‡jøL‡hvM¨ me ivR‰bwZK `j 1988 mv‡ji
wbe©vPb eR©b K‡i| †mB GKZidv wbe©vP‡b Gikv` wd«Wg cvwU©‡K
`yBwU Avm‡b weRqx K‡i Av‡bb Ges `jwU‡K RvZxq msm‡` Z…Zxq
e„nËg ivR‰bwZK `j wn‡k‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡ib, wZb Avmb †c‡q wØZxq
e„nËg `j wQj Rvm` (wmivR)| Gi gva¨‡g Gikv` Ab¨ ivR‰bwZK
`j¸‡jv‡K GB evZ©v †`b †h, Ab¨vb¨ `j wbe©vP‡b bv G‡jI Zvi c‡¶
wbe©vPb Kiv m¤¢e, we‡ivax`jI MVb Kiv‡bv m¤¢e| e¨w³MZ ch©‡e¶‡Y
g‡b nqÑ GKUv weKí we‡ivax`j m„wó K‡i AvIqvwg wjM-weGbwc‡K
ivRbxwZ †_‡K we‡qvM K‡i †djvB wQj Gikv‡`i wd«Wg cvwU©-m„wói
†bc_¨ KviY| 1986 mv‡ji ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bI dviæK‡K cÖv_©x nIqvi
my‡hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb Gikv`| cÖqvZ mvsevw`K wgRvbyi ingvb Lv‡bi
†iRvKvi mnevm 54
fvl¨ AbyhvqxÑ ÔLywb dviæK wbðqB Gikv`‡K nviv‡Z cÖv_©x nbwb| GUv
wQj ivR‰bwZKfv‡e Zvi cybe©vwmZ nIqvi, cuPvˇii ci evsjv‡`‡ki
gvwU‡Z ZviB Mov ivR‰bwZK `‡ji RvZxq ivR‰bwZK g‡Â
AbycÖ‡e‡ki B”Qvc~iY|Õ BwZnv‡mi GK KzrwmZ mZ¨ n‡”QÑ †kL
gywReyi ingv‡bi Lywbiv Gikv‡`i nvZ a‡iB evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq
msm‡` AwawôZ n‡qwQj| †kL gywR‡ei Lywb‡`i‡K †h my‡hvM GgbwK
wRqvI †`bwb, †mB my‡hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb Gikv`| evsjv‡`‡k †kL
gywR‡ei Lywb‡`i ivR‰bwZK cybe©vm‡bi iƒcKvi û‡mBb gyn¤§`
Gikv`| †kL gywReyi ingvb 1973 mv‡j KiæYv K‡i †mbvevwnbx‡Z †h
Gikv‡`i PvKwi wdwi‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb, ivóªcwZ n‡q †mB Gikv` †mB
KiæYvi cÖwZ`vb Gfv‡eB w`‡qwQ‡jb|
7.
gvwK©b Kwe A¨v‡jb wMÝev‡M©i Ô†m‡Þ¤^i Ab h‡kvi †ivWÕ KweZvi K_v
m‡PZb cvVKgv‡ÎiB Rvbv| 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki j¶-j¶ kiYv_©x
Lyjbv †_‡K Ôh‡kvi †ivWÕ n‡q c`eª‡R cwðge‡½ cvwo Rgv‡Zb|
h‡kvi †ivW cwi`k©b K‡i kiYv_©x‡`i `y`©kvq e¨w_Z n‡q wZwb
KweZvUv wj‡LwQ‡jb| A_©vr h‡kvi †ivW evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× I
¯^vaxbZvi mv‡_ A½v½xfv‡e RwoZ| gyw³hy×Kv‡j Lyjbvi Lvb Ave`ym
meyi wQ‡jb cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii kxl©¯’vbxq `vjvj| Zv‡K Lyjbvq wn›`y
MYnZ¨vi iƒcKvi ejv nq| 1971 mv‡j XvKvq cvwK¯Ív‡bi
cÖwZi¶vw`em Dcj‡¶ Av‡qvwRZ GK Abyôv‡b GB gymwjg wjM-†bZv
e‡jbÑ ÔcvK-fviZ hy× euva‡j Zv wek¦hy‡× iƒc †b‡e| fviZ
cvwK¯Ív‡bi `ya©l© †mbvevwnbx‡K †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv e‡jB c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡b gyw³evwnbxi bv‡g cÂg evwnbx M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| gyw³evwnbx
Kv‡`i weiæ‡× jo‡Q? †`k †Zv gy³|Õ PvÂj¨Ki e¨vcvi n‡jvÑ
ÔGKvˇii NvZK I `vjvjiv †K †Kv_vqÕ eB †_‡K †R‡bwQ 16
wW‡m¤^i cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi ci iv‡M-`yt‡L meyi
AvZ¥nb‡bi †Póv K‡ib| gyw³hy‡× civwRZ n‡q †Kv‡bv `vjvj
AvZ¥nb‡bi †Póv K‡i‡QbÑ Ggb NUbvi K_v Avi †Kv_vI ïwbwb|
1972 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m wZwb gyw³evwnbxi nv‡Z aiv c‡ob|

†iRvKvi mnevm 55
`vjvj AvB‡b Zvi hve¾xeb Kviv`Ð nq| Afvebxq e¨vcvi n‡jvÑ
Gikv‡`i Avg‡j, 1984 mv‡j, Lyjbvi h‡kvi †iv‡Wi bvg ivLv nq
Lvb Ave`ym meyi moK|
8.
1973 mv‡j Avj‡Rwiqvq †RvUwbi‡c¶ m‡¤§j‡b e¨w³MZ
K‡_vcK_bKv‡j wjweqvi ivóªcwZ gyqv¤§i MvÏvwd †kL gywReyi
ingvb‡K AvnŸvb Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb evsjv‡`k‡K ÔBmjvwg cÖRvZš¿Õ
†NvlYvi Rb¨| gyw³hy‡× †mŠw` Avie evsjv‡`‡ki mwμq we‡ivwaZv †Zv
K‡iwQjB, ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK‡`i‡K GgbwK n‡R hvIqviI
AbygwZ †`qwb| AZ¨šÍ exfrm e¨vcvi n‡jv †mŠw` Avie evsjv‡`k‡K
¯^vaxb †`k wn‡k‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡qwQj 1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷, †hw`b
gywRe wbnZ nb| gywR‡ei Ici †mŠw` ev`kvi Av‡μvk wQj| H GKB
m‡¤§j‡b †mŠw` ev`kv dqmvj web Ave`yj AvwRRI †kL gywRe‡K kZ©
†`b GB g‡g© †h, evsjv‡`k‡K Bmjvwg cÖRvZš¿ †NvlYv Kiv n‡j †mŠw`
Avie evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^vaxb †`k wn‡k‡e ¯^xK…wZI †`‡e,
evsjv‡`kx‡`i‡K n‡RI †h‡Z †`‡e| †kL gywReyi ingvb `yRb‡KB
e‡jwQ‡jb †h, Zv‡`i †`‡k D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwigvY Agymjgvb bv _vK‡jI
evsjv‡`‡k GK †KvwU Agymjgvb bvMwiK i‡q‡Qb, GK †KvwU
Agymjgvb evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× mgvbfv‡e AskMÖnY K‡i‡Qb Ges
`y‡f©v‡Mi wkKvi n‡q‡Qb; me a‡g©i Abymvix‡`i mgvb AskMÖn‡Y ¯^vaxb
nIqv †`k‡K, ZvB, Bmjvwg cÖRvZš¿ †NvlYv Kiv m¤¢e bv| ivóª‡K
wbw`©ó GKUv ag©wfwËK cÖRvZš¿ †NvlYv Kiv gv‡b Ab¨ me a‡g©i
†jvKRb‡K wØZxq †kÖwYi bvMwiK wn‡k‡e †NvlYv Kiv, hv ivóª
†Kv‡bvfv‡eB Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| BwZnvm ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡j †`Lv hvqÑ
cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx I Zv‡`i G-†`kxq †`vmiiv †h MYnZ¨v
Pvwj‡qwQj, Gi †cQ‡b e„nËg ARynvZ wn‡k‡e Zviv ag©‡KB e¨envi
K‡iwQj| Zv Qvov, 1947 mv‡ji 14 AvM÷ cvwK¯Ívb m„wó n‡qwQj
a‡g©i wfwˇZ| GKUv ag©wfwËK iv‡óªi wcÄi wQu‡o †ewi‡q Avmv
Av‡iKUv ivóªI †mB GKB iK‡gi ag©ivóª n‡Z cv‡i bv| G †_‡KB
cÖgvwYZ nqÑ evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i A‡NvwlZ ¯Í¤¢ wQj ag©wbi‡c¶Zv|

†iRvKvi mnevm 56
1972 mv‡ji Avw` msweav‡bi Øv`k Aby‡”Q‡` ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi K_vB
DwjøwLZ wQj| msweav‡bi Pvi‡U g~j bxwZiI Ab¨Zg wQj
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv| wKš‘ wRqvDi ingvb 1979 mv‡j cÂg ms‡kvabxi
gva¨‡g msweavb †_‡K ag©wbi‡c¶Zv we`vq K‡ib| wZwb Aek¨ wbw`©ó
†Kv‡bv ag©‡K ivóªag© Kivi `iKvi †eva K‡ibwb| û‡mBb gyn¤§`
Gikv` GK KvwV †ewk m‡im n‡q, ag©wbi‡c¶Zv we`v‡qi GMv‡iv eQi
ci, 1988 mv‡j Aóg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g msweav‡b ivóªag© mshy³
K‡ib| †evSvB hvqÑ ag©xq †Mvôx¸‡jv‡K Lywk Kivi Rb¨ wZwb
gyw³hy‡×i A‡NvwlZ ¯Í‡¤¢i g~‡j GB KzVvivNvZ K‡iwQ‡jb| msL¨v¸iæ
ag©xq m¤cÖ`vq‡K †Kv‡bv miKvicÖavb ZLbB †ZvqvR K‡ib, hw` Zvi
miKviUv nq Awbe©vwPZ A_ev KviPzwci gva¨‡g wbwkKv‡j wbe©vwPZ|
Gikv‡`i Avg‡j AbywôZ wbe©vPb¸‡jv wQj nvm¨Ki iK‡gi Ges wZwb
¶gZvqI AwawôZ n‡qwQ‡jb e›`y‡Ki bj †`wL‡q A‰eafv‡e|
A‰eafv‡e ¶gZvq _vKv GKRb gvby‡li hv hv Kiv DwPZ, wZwb Zv-B
K‡iwQ‡jb; a‡g©i cÖwZ gneŸZ †_‡K Gikv` ivóªag© cÖYqb K‡ibwb,
Gi †cQ‡b wQj †m‡id Mw` wUwK‡q ivLvi ivRbxwZ, Zvi ivóªag© wQj
ivR‰bwZK ivóªag©| Zv Qvov, e¨w³ Gikv` †h ai‡bi Rxeb hvcb
Ki‡Zb, ZvI a‡g©i mv‡_ †gv‡UB mvgÄm¨c~Y© wQj bv| ZrKvjxb
R¡vjvwb mwPe G‡KGg †gvkvii‡di ¯¿x wRbvZ †gvkvii‡di mv‡_
cÖKvk¨ ciKxqvi †cÖw¶‡Z wKQz ag©xq msMVb Gikv‡`i kvw¯ÍI `vwe
K‡iwQj| Gikv‡`i DccZœx wQj AMwYZ| G iKg Aavwg©K Rxeb
hvcb Kiv GKRb eKavwg©K mw`”Qv †_‡K ev ag©‡cÖg †_‡K ivóªag©
cÖYqb K‡i‡QbÑ GB iƒcK_v wek¦vm Kivi †Kv‡bv †Rv †bB|
Gikv‡`i GB ivóªag©Kv‡Ði we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq me
ivR‰bwZK `j| †kL nvwmbv G‡K Ôa‡g©i ivóªxqKiYÕ e‡j AwfwnZ
K‡iwQ‡jb Ges e‡jwQ‡jb my‡hvM †c‡jB AvIqvwg wjM ag©-AvBb
evwZj Ki‡e| ivóªag©cÖYqb‡K Lv‡j`v wRqv AwfwnZ K‡iwQ‡jb Ôa‡g©i
bv‡g RvwZ‡K wef³ Kivi my`~icÖmvix PμvšÍÕ wn‡k‡e (Z_¨m~ÎÑ 8 Ryb
1988, B‡ËdvK)| weGbwci ZrKvjxb gnvmwPe †KGg Ievq`yi
ingvb e‡jwQ‡jbÑ ÔPjgvb Av‡›`vj‡b wefw³ m„wó I AMYZvwš¿K
kvmb‡K `xN©¯’vqx Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Bmjvg‡K ivóªag© Kivi wej cvk Kiv
†iRvKvi mnevm 57
n‡q‡Q|Õ GLb †R‡b Awek¦vm¨ jvM‡eÑ msweav‡bi Aóg ms‡kvabx
evwZ‡ji `vwe‡Z weGbwc Aa©‡ejv niZvjI †W‡KwQj (Z_¨m~ÎÑ 12
Ryb 1988, ˆ`wbK evsjv)| †jvgnl©K e¨vcvi n‡jvÑ GgbwK,
ag©wfwËK `j Rvgvqv‡Z BmjvwgI Gikv‡`i †mB ivóªag©cÖYqb †g‡b
†bqwb| GK †cÖm †bv‡U Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwg e‡jwQjÑ ÔmiKvi Zvi
wbR¯^ ivR‰bwZK cÖ‡qvR‡bB GB wej cvk K‡i‡Q| miKvi Zvi
MYwe‡ivax Kvh©Kjvc XvKv †`Iqvi Rb¨ Bmjv‡gi bvg e¨envi K‡i‡Q|
Bmjvg Kv‡qg miKv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ bq, eis Bmjvwg Av‡›`vj‡bi AMÖMwZ
cÖwZnZ KivB Zv‡`i D‡Ïk¨ (Z_¨m~ÎÑ 10 Ryb 1988, ˆ`wbK
evsjv)|Õ gRvi e¨vcvi n‡”QÑ Bmjvg‡K ivóªag© Kivq miKvi‡K
Awfb›`b Rvwb‡q mfv †W‡KwQj wn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡qi GKwU Ask| ejvB
evûj¨Ñ H AskwU wQj Gikv‡`i UvKvq †cvlv M„ncvwjZ K¬ve|
AvIqvwg wjM miKvi 2011 mv‡j cÂ`k ms‡kvabx msweav‡b
evnvˇii ag©wbi‡c¶Zv wdwi‡q wb‡q G‡m‡Q| †kL nvwmbv 1988
mv‡j e‡jwQ‡jb AvIqvwg wjM my‡hvM †c‡jB msweavb †_‡K ag©-AvBb
Zz‡j †b‡e| 2011 mv‡j my‡hvM †c‡qI AvIqvwg wjM miKvi †m-c‡_
cv evovqwb| †Kbbv, GwU mn‡RB Aby‡gqÑ GLb msweavb †_‡K
ivóªag© we`vq Ki‡j †`‡k i³M½v e‡q hv‡e, Acwi‡gq i³cvZ‡nZz
†`‡k †eu‡a †h‡Z cv‡i M„nhy×I| 1988 mv‡j me we‡ivax`j ivóªa‡g©i
we‡ivwaZv Ki‡jI GLb ZvivB ivóªa‡g©i cÖavb i¶K, ivóªag© evwZj
Ki‡j ZvivB GLb hy× †NvlYv K‡i em‡e| mg‡qi AveZ©‡b I weeZ©‡b
ivRbxwZ †h KZUv Zxeªfv‡e GK‡kv Avwk wWwMÖ e`‡j hvq, Gi cÖgvY
ivóªag© Bï‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi 1988 mv‡ji Ae¯’vb
Avi GLbKvi Ae¯’vb| †fvj †h Gikv` GKv cvjUv‡Zb, Zv bq; AvR
GK †Xvj wcwU‡q cÖwZc¶‡K †Nvj LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ AvMvgxKvj Av‡iK
†Xvj †cUv‡bvi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK †Svj LvIqvi KvRwU evsjv‡`‡ki
me¸‡jv `jB K‡i‡Q| Gikv` ivóªag© cÖYqb K‡iwQ‡jb ivR‰bwZK
dvq`v nvwm‡ji Rb¨| ZLb AvIqvwg wjM, weGbwc, RvgvqvZ ivóªa‡g©i
we‡ivwaZvI K‡iwQj ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡YB| `yB †¶‡ÎB KvR K‡i‡Q
ivRbxwZ| ga¨Lvb w`‡q ¯’vqx ¶wZUv n‡q †M‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki|
ˆ¯^ikvmK Gikv` Kv‡qwg ¯^v_© nvwmj Kivi Rb¨ msweav‡b ivóªag©
†iRvKvi mnevm 58
bvgK Ggb RMÏj cv_i ewm‡q †i‡L †M‡Qb, †h cv_iUv †MvUv
evsjv‡`‡kiB UzuwU †P‡c a‡i e‡m Av‡Q| GB cv_i miv‡bvi g‡Zv
eyj‡WvRvi GLb Avi Kv‡iv nv‡ZB †bB| msweavb †_‡K ag©wbi‡c¶Zv
Zz‡j w`‡q wRqvDi ingvb Ges msweav‡b ivóªag© mshy³ K‡i û‡mBb
gyn¤§` Gikv` evsjv‡`‡ki Ac~iYxq ¶wZ K‡i †M‡Qb|
9.
wb‡Ri A‰ea kvmbKvj‡K `xN©vwqZ Ki‡Z Gikv` ag©‡K B‡”Qg‡Zv
e¨envi K‡i‡Qb, Avevi Qz‡o †d‡jI w`‡q‡Qb| G‡KK ïμevi G‡KK
gmwR‡` nvwRi n‡q ej‡Zb †h, GB gmwR‡` Rygvi bvgvR covi K_v
wZwb ¯^‡cœ †`‡L‡Qb| wKš‘ wZwb †Kvb ïμev‡i †Kvb gmwR‡` hv‡eb,
Zv wba©viY Ki‡Zb †Mv‡q›`vKg©KZ©viv Ges Zviv Av‡M †_‡KB H
gmwR` Zjøvwk K‡i wbivcËv wbwðZ K‡i ivL‡Zb| msL¨vMwiô
gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi Kv‡Q mvay mvRvi Rb¨ wZwb mvßvwnK QzwUi w`b
iweev‡ii cwie‡Z© ïμevi K‡ib, †iwWI-†Uwjwfk‡b AvRvb cÖPvi ïiæ
K‡ib, cÖ_g †kÖwY †_‡KB Aviwe-wk¶v eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i 1983 mv‡j
wk¶vbxwZ cÖYqb K‡ib, ag©xq Dcvmbvjq¸‡jvi we`y¨rwej gIKzd
K‡ib| 1983 mv‡ji 14 Rvbyqvwi hy×vcivax Ave`yj gvbœv‡bi
Av‡qvwRZ wgjv` gvnwd‡j Gikv` e‡jbÑ kwn`wgbv‡i GLb †_‡K dzj
†`Iqv I Avíbv AuvKv Pj‡e bv, †KvivbLvwb n‡e (Z_¨m~ÎÑ
Ôˆ¯^ikvm‡bi bq eQiÕ, †gRi iwdKzj Bmjvg)| †h fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi
Ici wfwË K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³msMÖvg μgweKwkZ n‡q‡Q, †mB
Av‡›`vj‡bi kwn`‡`i‡K dz‡jj ï‡f”Qv Rvbv‡bv‡K Ô†e`AvZÕ ej‡ZI
Zvi we‡e‡K euv‡awb| mvfv‡i RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠawbg©v‡Yi KvR ïiæ
n‡qwQj 1972 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m| Gikv` 1982 mv‡j †NvlYv †`b †h,
GB wbg©vYKvR wZwb †kl Ki‡eb| wKš‘ ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai g~j bKkv †_‡K
wZwb ÔwkLv Awbe©vYÕ ev` †`b ag©vbyf‚wZi ayqv Zz‡j (Z_¨m~ÎÑ
Ôevsjv‡`kx †Rbv‡ij‡`i gbÕ, gybZvmxi gvgyb)| Gikv` KLb †Kvb
wRwbk‡K Kx e‡j AvL¨v w`‡q e‡mbÑ e¯‘Z, GiB †Kv‡bv wVKwVKvbv
wQj bv| wZwb wQ‡jb Avcv`g¯ÍK bxwZnxb GKRb kvmK; whwb bv
NiKv, bv NvUKv| Z‡e, ag©vbyf‚wZ‡K e¨envi K‡i msL¨v¸iæ

†iRvKvi mnevm 59
m¤cÖ`vq‡K Zzó †i‡L Gikv` hZ hv-B K‡i‡Qb; wKQz‡ZB wKQz nqwb|
†Lv` Bmjvwg `j¸‡jvI Zvi GB †jvK‡`Lv‡bv ag©‡cÖg‡K bvUK g‡b
KiZ| †kl ch©šÍ me©`jxq MYAfz¨Ìv‡bi d‡j 1990 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i
Gikv`‡K Mw`Pz¨Z n‡Z nq, cieZ©x Aa©hyM Zvi VuvB nq KvivMv‡i|
10.
hy×vcivax Ave`yj Kv‡`i †gvjøvi m‡e©v”P kvw¯Íi `vwe‡Z 2013 mv‡ji
5 †deªæqvwi kvnev‡M m„wó n‡qwQj MMbwe`vix MYRvMiY| MYRvMiY‡K
`gb Kivi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax mw¤§wjZ kw³ Ô†ndvR‡Z BmjvgÕ
bvgK GKwU PÆMÖvgwfwËK DMÖev`x msMVb‡K gv‡V bvwg‡q w`‡qwQj|
†ndvRZ‡K cÖZ¨¶ c„ô‡cvlKZv w`‡qwQj weGbwc I Rvgvqv‡Z
Bmjvwg| H eQ‡ii GwcÖ‡j Gikv` mkixi †ndvR‡Zi mgv‡e‡k wM‡q
†gŠjev`x‡`i mv‡_ GKvZ¥Zv cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb, †ndvR‡Zi †g gv‡mi
mgv‡e‡k Lv`¨ I cvwb mieivn K‡i‡Qb, †`vqv †bIqvi Rb¨
GKvwaKevi nvUnvRvwi‡Z wM‡q †ndvRZcÖavb Avng` kwdi mv‡_ †`Lv
K‡i‡Qb| ¶gZvq _vKvKv‡jI Gikv` Gfv‡e eû wc‡ii Av¯Ívbvq
wM‡q‡Qb †`vqv PvIqvi bv‡g ag©cÖvY gymjgvb‡`i Kv‡Q wb‡R‡K avwg©K
cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨| Gikv` aviYv K‡iwQ‡jb †ndvRZ GKch©v‡q
†fv‡Ui ivRbxwZ‡ZI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wbqvgK n‡q DV‡e, †ndvRZB wba©viY
Ki‡eÑ Kviv Mw`‡Z _vK‡e, Kviv Mw`Pz¨Z n‡e| †ndvRZ‡K e¨envi
K‡i †di GKKfv‡e ivóª¶gZvq AwawôZ nIqvi ¯^cœ †`‡LwQ‡jb
wZwb| Gikv` m¤ú‡K© GB wbe‡Ü hv-wKQz wj‡LwQ, Gi cÖvq meUzKzB
eBcy¯ÍK I cÎcwÎKv c‡o-c‡o †jLv| Rb¥B wb‡qwQ Gikv`cZ‡bi
gvÎ wZb eQi Av‡M| d‡j, ivóªcwZ Gikv‡`i Avgjbvgv ¯^P‡¶ †`Lvi
my‡hvM nqwb| wKš‘ †ndvRZ Bï‡Z A-ivóªcwZ Gikv‡`i DØvû Djøçb
¯^P‡¶B †`Lv| gyw³hy×Kv‡jI wZwb cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^v_© nvwmj K‡i‡Qb,
ivóªcwZ _vKvKv‡jI ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i‡K cybe©vmb K‡i‡Qb,
¶gZvPz¨Z nIqvi ciI wZwb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax †ndvR‡Zi Nv‡o mIqvi
n‡q †di ivóª¶gZv `L‡ji w`ev¯^cœ †`‡L‡Qb| A_©vr Gikv`Rxe‡bi
†Kv‡bv AskB mv¶¨ †`q bv †h, wZwb ¯^vaxbZvi c‡¶i †KD wQ‡jb|
11.

†iRvKvi mnevm 60
üZ PvKwi wd‡i cvIqvi Rb¨ û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv` Av¶wiK A‡_©B
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi cv a‡i‡Qb, c‡`vbœwZ cvIqvi Rb¨ eq‡m AbyR
wRqvDi ingv‡bi †gvmv‡nwe K‡i‡Qb| PvKwi wd‡i †c‡q wZwb
†mbvevwnbx‡Z gyw³‡hv×v-Agyw³‡hv×v msNvZ m„wó K‡i‡Qb,
†mbvevwnbxi kxl© c`¸‡jv †_‡K gyw³‡hv×v‡`i‡K mwi‡q w`‡q‡Qb,
e`wj K‡i‡Qb wnjUª¨v‡±| †h wRqv Gikv`‡K †mbvcÖavb evwb‡q‡Qb,
†mB wRqv‡KB nZ¨vi †cÖ¶vcU ˆZwi K‡i w`‡q wRqvi AbyM‡Ö ni cÖwZ`vb
w`‡q‡Qb Gikv`| Avevi H wRqvnZ¨v‡K cyuwR K‡iB cÖnm‡bi wePv‡i
Gikv` GMv‡ivRb gyw³‡hv×v †mbvKg©KZ©v‡K nZ¨v K‡ib, hv‡Z †KD
Zvi ¶gZv`L‡ji c‡_ cÖwZeÜK n‡q `uvov‡Z bv cv‡i| ¶gZv `Lj
K‡i wZwb hy×vcivax‡`i‡K gwš¿mfvq VuvB w`‡q‡Qb, `‡j ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`
w`‡q‡Qb, hy×vcivax‡`i e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i `yqvi D‡b¥vPb K‡i w`‡q‡Qb,
†mbvevwnbx‡Z gyw³‡hv×v‡`i eskai‡`i AšÍf©yw³ A‡NvwlZfv‡e wbwl×
K‡i‡Qb, AZwK©‡Z ivóªag© cÖYqb K‡i msweav‡bi †gŠwjK kw³i g~‡j
KzVvivNvZ K‡i‡Qb| Gikv` †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi nZ¨vKvix‡`i‡K
we‡`‡k c‡`vbœwZ w`‡q‡Qb, †`‡k wdwi‡q G‡b ivRbxwZ‡Z bvwg‡q‡Qb,
wbe©vP‡b wRwZ‡q G‡b msm‡` ewm‡q‡Qb| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
cÖwZwôZ iv‡óªi msm‡` ZviB ¯^‡NvwlZ Lywbiv exi`‡c© e‡m Av‡QÑ GB
`„‡k¨i mªóv û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv`| A_©vr bóvwgi Ggb †Kv‡bv A½b
†bB, †h A½‡b Gikv‡`i c`PviYv wQj bv| AvIqvwg wjM-weGbwc `yB
`jB Avevi GB Gikv`‡KB †Rv‡U cvIqvi Rb¨ gwiqv wQj| `yB
`j‡K Gikv` hve¾xeb †m‡id bv‡K `wo w`‡q Nywi‡q‡Qb|
cuPvËi †_‡K GKvbeŸBÑ evsjv‡`‡ki GB †lv‡jv eQi Avgv‡`i
mgmvgwqK cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q eiveiB †auvqvkv”Qbœ| GB Ô†lv‡jvÕ m¤ú‡K©
hZ RvbwQ; we¯§‡q weg~p nw”Q, †egvjyg evKiæ× nw”Q, KvUvw”Q wewb`ª
weg~Z© ivZ| Av‡jvP¨ †lv‡jv eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡k hv-wKQz N‡U‡Q, ixwZg‡Zv
iƒcK_vi g‡Zv| GB mg‡q †K †h KLb Kv‡K nZ¨v K‡i‡Q, †K †h
KLb ¶gZv `Lj K‡i‡Q, Avevi cvjUv Afz¨Ìv‡b ¶gZvPz¨Z n‡q‡QÑ
Gi †Kv‡bv wVKwVKvbv †bB| wVKvbv ZeyI Lyu‡R †ei Kivi †Póvq gË
AvwQ| ARmª `wjj`¯Ív‡eR †Nu‡U †Póv KiwQ m‡e©vËg wVKvbv¸‡jv
Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z, wb‡R Rvb‡Z, Ab¨‡`i‡K Rvbv‡Z| evsjv‡`‡ki
†iRvKvi mnevm 61
GLbKvi ivR‰bwZK ivnvRvwb Avi gyljavi gZv‰b‡K¨i †cQ‡b Av‡Q
cuPvËi †_‡K GKvbeŸB‡qi GKvbœeZ©x BwZnvm| GB BwZnvm m¤ú‡K©
bv Rvb‡j, GB BwZnv‡mi dvqmvjv bv Ki‡j, GB BwZnv‡mi gxgvsmv
bv n‡j †`‡k †Kej Dovj‡mZz-DbœqbB n‡e; RvwZi gvbwmK gyw³
wgj‡e bv, †`k‡K Avevi wMj‡e Afz¨Ìvb cvjUv-Afz¨Ìvb, †`‡k Avevi
†b‡g Avm‡e RjcvB-iOv AÜKvi| gvbwmK gyw³i Rb¨ PvB BwZnv‡mi
P~ovšÍ wb®úwË| û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv` Kv‡`i‡K nwU‡q ¶gZv `Lj
K‡i‡Qb, ¶gZv `Lj K‡i Kv‡`i‡K nZ¨v Avi Kv‡`i‡K cybe©vmb
K‡i‡Qb, Kv‡`i fejxjv mv½ K‡i‡Qb Avi Kv‡`i mv‡_ imjxjv-i½
K‡i‡Qb, cZ‡bi ci Gikv`‡K Kviv cybe©vmb K‡i‡Qb, †Kb
evsjv‡`‡ki eo `yB `j GKRb cwZZ ˆ¯^ivPvi‡K ivRbxwZ‡Z
AcÖvmw½K-AcvO‡³q K‡i ivLj bv; GiI gxgvsmv n‡Z n‡e,
BwZnv‡mi KvVMovq P~ovšÍ wb®úwË n‡Z n‡e Gikv` cybe©vmb-gvgjvi|

†iRvKvi mnevm 62
†iRvKvi mnevm 63
weGbwc ¯^vaxbZvi †Kvb c‡¶i `j?
26-28 AvM÷ 2023

†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi nZ¨vKv‡Ði ci evsjv‡`‡ki kvmK‡Mvôx cybivq

AÜKv‡ii w`‡K hvÎv ïiæ K‡i, †`‡ki kxl©ch©v‡q cybtcÖewZ©Z n‡Z
_v‡K cvwK¯Ívwb fveaviv, duvK‡dvK‡i jywK‡q _vKv ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivaxiv
MZ© †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Z ïiæ K‡i| kvmKivI ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i‡K
ivRbxwZ‡Z cybe©vmb Kiv ïiæ K‡ib| m`¨¯^vaxb †`‡k GKch©v‡q
gyw³‡hv×vivB †KvYVvmv n‡q c‡ob, exi`‡c© †`kRy‡o `e`we‡q nuvU‡Z
_v‡K ¯^vaxbZvi mwμq-mk¯¿ we‡ivwaZv Kiv †`kxq †`vmiiv| GB
cybe©vmbcÖwμqv ïiæ K‡ib mv‡eK AvIqvwg wjM-†bZv I gywRe-
gwš¿mfvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m`m¨ L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g`| †gvkZvK
¶gZvq wQ‡jb wZivwk w`b| GB KÕw`‡bB wZwb ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki
†giæ`Ð †f‡O †`b, evsjv‡`k‡K wmwK-cvwK¯Ívb evwb‡q †d‡jb| ÔRq
evsjvÕ †¯øvMvb gyw³hy‡×i mv‡_ mswkøó nIqvi Kvi‡Y †gvkZvK
ÔcvwK¯Ívb wR›`vev`Õ-Gi Av`‡j evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq †¯øvMvb wba©viY
K‡ib Ôevsjv‡`k wR›`vev`Õ, evsjv‡`k †eZv‡ii bvg e`‡j Ô†iwWI
cvwK¯ÍvbÕ-Gi Av`‡j bvg iv‡Lb Ô†iwWI evsjv‡`kÕ, evsjv‡`‡ki
RvZxq †cvkvK cÖeZ©b K‡ib cvwK¯Ívwb †cvkv‡Ki AbyKi‡Y| †kL
gywReyi ingvb †h‡nZz ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki g~Z© cÖZxK wQ‡jb, †m‡nZz
Zv‡K nZ¨v Kivi ci cieZ©x kvmKiv evsjv‡`k‡K GKvËic~e©eZ©x
Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q wb‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges GB cÖwμqv ïiæ n‡qwQj
†gvkZv‡Ki nvZ a‡i|
ev‡iv mßvn ivóª¶gZvq _vKvi ci L›`Kvi †gvkZvK mvgwiK Afz¨Ìv‡b
Mw`Pz¨Z nb| e¨vcK i³¶qx PovB-DZivB‡qi ci 1975 mv‡ji
b‡f¤^‡i cÖavb wePvicwZ Avey mv`vZ †gvnv¤§` mv‡qg evsjv‡`‡ki
ivóªcwZ nb, Zv‡K GB `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z †`Iqv nq 1977 mv‡ji
GwcÖj ch©šÍ| mv‡q‡gi kvmbKv‡ji cy‡ivUv mgqRy‡o †mbvcÖavb wQ‡jb
wRqvDi ingvb| ZLb mv‡qg wQ‡jb bvggvÎ ivóªcwZ| mvgwiK kvmb
Rvwi _vKvq ivóª¶gZv ZLb g~jZ wRqvi nv‡ZB wQj| wRqv 1977
†iRvKvi mnevm 64
mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m mv‡qg‡K AK¯§vr ¶gZvPz¨Z K‡i wb‡RB ivóªcwZi
c` `Lj K‡ib Ges 1981 mv‡ji †g gv‡m †mbv Afz¨Ìv‡b wbnZ nb
(wRqv mv‡qg‡K Kxfv‡e ¶gZvPz¨Z K‡iwQ‡jb, Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ mv‡q‡gi
AvZ¥‰RewbK eB Ôe½fe‡b †kl w`b¸wjÕ cov †h‡Z cv‡i)| c‡iv¶ I
cÖZ¨¶ ¶gZvi mv‡o cuvP eQ‡i wRqv †gvkZv‡Ki Amgvß KvR
myPviæfv‡e m¤úbœ K‡iwQ‡jb| evsjv‡`k‡K kZfvM cvwK¯Ívwb
fveavivq cwiPvjbvi ¸iæ`vwqZ¡ wRqvi nv‡ZB m¤úbœ nq e‡j BwZnvm
mv¶¨ †`q| ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax kw³‡K ivRbxwZ‡Z cybe©vm‡bi †h aviv
†gvkZvK ïiæ K‡iwQ‡jb, wRqv Zv Ae¨vnZ iv‡Lb Ges †mB cÖwμqv
Rvwi iv‡Lb †Rbv‡ij û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv` I †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv|
†kL nvwmbvI AšÍZ `y-Rb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K gwš¿mfvq VuvB w`‡q‡Qb|
1.
gywRenZ¨vi ci L›`Kvi †gvkZvK wek¦-BwZnv‡m bwRiwenxb GK KvR
K‡ib| 1975 mv‡ji 26 †m‡Þ¤^i wZwb KzL¨vZ Ô`vqgyw³ Aa¨v‡`kÕ
Rvwi K‡ib| †mB Aa¨v‡`‡k †jLv wQjÑ Ô1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷
†fv‡i mvwaZ MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cwieZ©‡bi Ges mvgwiK
AvBb †NvlYvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv cwiKíbv cÖ¯‘Z I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z wM‡q ev
Giƒc cwieZ©b ev †NvlYvi j‡¶¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c wn‡k‡e †Kv‡bv
e¨w³ KZ©„K †Kv‡bv KvRKg©, welq ev NUbvi Rb¨ ev Kvi‡Y ev cÖm‡½
Giƒc e¨w³i weiæ‡× mywcÖg †KvU© I †KvU© gvk©vj †Kv‡bv Av`vj‡Zi ev
KZ©„c‡¶i mgx‡c ev wbK‡U ev Øviv †Kv‡bv gvgjv, Awfksmb ev Ab¨
AvBbMZ ev k„•Ljvg~jK Kvh©aviv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv ev M„nxZ n‡e bv|Õ
A_©vr c‡b‡ivB AvM÷ †fv‡i †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K †h nZ¨v Kiv
n‡q‡Q, Gi †Kv‡bv wePvi-AvPvi Kiv hv‡e bv| Ô`vqgyw³ Aa¨v‡`kÕ
Rvwi K‡i †gvkZvK †kL gywR‡ei Lywb‡`i‡K `vqgy³ K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb|
†`‡k hLb msm` _v‡K bv, ivóªcwZ ZLb Aa¨v‡`k Rvwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib;
Z‡e, Aa¨v‡`k gv‡bB AvBb bv| cieZ©x msm` Aby‡gv`b w`‡j H
Aa¨v‡`k Z‡eB AvB‡b cwiYZ n‡e, Aby‡gv`b bv w`‡j Aa¨v‡`k
evwZj n‡q hv‡e| 1979 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m wRqvDi ingv‡bi
†bZ…Z¡vaxb RvZxq msm` †mB Ô`vqgyw³ Aa¨v‡`kÕ‡K mvsweavwbK

†iRvKvi mnevm 65
¯^xK…wZ w`‡q AvB‡b cwiYZ K‡i Ges gywRenZ¨vKv‡Ði wePvi ¯’vqxfv‡e
iæ× K‡i †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v K‡i| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi nZ¨vKv‡Ði
wePvie‡Ü cÖYxZ Aa¨v‡`k wRqvDi ingvb KZ©„K AvB‡b iƒcvšÍ‡ii GB
NUbvqB cÖZxqgvb nqÑ fvev`‡k© wRqv wQ‡jb †gvkZv‡KiB DËim~wi,
†¶Îwe‡k‡l †gvkZv‡Ki †P‡qI K‡qK KvwV †ewk m‡im| Ô`vqgyw³
Aa¨v‡`kÕ Rvwi †gvkZv‡Ki Ges Zv Aby‡gv`b wQj wRqvi D‡jøL‡hvM¨
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax KvR|
D‡jøL¨, †kL gywReyi ingvb nZ¨vgvgjv `v‡qi nq AvIqvwg wj‡Mi
wØZxq kvmbvg‡jÑ 1996 mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i, Ô`vqgyw³ Aa¨v‡`kÕ evwZj
nq H eQ‡ii b‡f¤^‡i| 1997 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m PvR©wkU `vwL‡ji
ci wePvi ïiæ nq gv‡P©; 1998 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i c‡b‡iv Avmvwgi duvwmi
Av‡`k nq, 2000 mv‡ji Ry‡b †W_ †idv‡i‡Ýi ïbvwb ïiæ nq Ges
mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i Z…Zxq †e‡Â ev‡iv Avmvwgi duvwm envj _v‡K 2001
mv‡ji GwcÖ‡j| wKš‘ RyjvB‡q AvIqvwg wj‡Mi kvmbKv‡ji †gqv` †kl
n‡q hvIqvi ci A‡±ve‡i hLb weGbwc ¶gZvq Av‡m, ZrcieZ©x cuvP
eQi gywRenZ¨vgvgjv wngvMv‡i P‡j hvq| mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i GMv‡ivRb
wePvicwZ GB gvgjvi wePviKv‡h© ÔweeªZ‡evaÕ K‡ib| A_©vr †eMg
Lv‡j`v wRqvi †bZ…Z¡vaxb weGbwc miKvi gywRenZ¨vi wePvi ¯Íä K‡i
†i‡LwQj| Lv‡j`v wRqvI gywR‡ei nZ¨vKvix‡`i‡K A‡NvwlZ `vqgyw³
w`‡qwQ‡jb|
2.
Ô`vqgyw³ Aa¨v‡`kÕ‡K AvB‡b cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ msm‡` whwb wej
DÌvcb K‡iwQ‡jb, Zvi bvg kvn& AvwRRyi ingvb| AvwRR gyw³hy‡×i
mwμq we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb| 1971 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m wZwb
RvwZms‡N cvwK¯Ív‡bi K‚UbxwZK `‡ji †bZ…Z¡ †`b, evsjv‡`‡k
cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi MYnZ¨vi K_v A¯^xKvi K‡ib, evsjv‡`k‡K
¯^vaxb †`k wn‡k‡e ¯^xK…wZ bv †`Iqvi Rb¨ gymjgvb msL¨vMwiô
†`k¸‡jvi cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvbvb| D‡jøL¨, gyw³hy‡×i Av‡M c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi e¨vcv‡i †kL gywRe †h `vwe Zz‡jwQ‡jb,
AvwRR GiI we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb| 1971 mv‡ji 4 †g AvwRR wee„wZ

†iRvKvi mnevm 66
†`bÑ Ô†cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb cÖej DrKÉvi m‡½ ivR‰bwZK
`jmg~n‡K AwaKZi ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vbc~e©K †`‡k c~Y© Ges evavnxbfv‡e
MYZš¿ cybiæ×v‡ii †Póv K‡ib| wKš‘ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb
ivR‰bwZK `j Aaybvjyß AvIqvwg wjM GB my‡hv‡Mi fzj A_© K‡i
ejcÖ‡qvM Avi wki‡ñ‡`i gva¨‡g wbe©vP‡b msL¨vMwiô `j wnkv‡e
Rqjvf K‡i A‡Rqfv‡e wb‡R‡`i †LqvjLywk‡Z †`k kvmb Kivi `vwe
K‡i Ges Gfv‡eB AnwgKv, A‰ah© Ges JׇZ¨i d‡j wb‡R‡`i
fvwm‡q †`q| mvgªvR¨ev`x fvi‡Zi `yiwfmwÜ bm¨vr Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨
†`k‡cÖwgK †mbvevwnbx‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Avwg RbM‡Yi cÖwZ
Av‡e`b Rvbvw”Q|Õ (Z_¨m~Î : GKvˇii NvZK I `vjvjiv †K †Kv_vq,
c„ôv 91)
1972 mv‡ji `vjvj AvB‡b AvwRR †MÖßvi nb Ges †kL gywRe mvaviY
¶gv †NvlYv Kivi ci 1973 mv‡j KvivMvi †_‡K gyw³ cvb|
gyw³hy×we‡ivax f‚wgKvi Rb¨ AvwRR‡K RvZxq msm` fe‡bi †fZ‡iB
GKvwaKevi kvixwiKfv‡e bv‡Rnvj K‡ib hy×vnZ gyw³‡hv×viv|
ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingvb 1979 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m G iKg GKRb
wPwýZ `vjvj I †NviZi ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K cÖavbgš¿x wn‡k‡e wb‡qvM
w`‡qwQ‡jb| kvn& AvwRRyi ingv‡bi Av‡M wRqvDi ingvb Av‡iKRb‡K
cÖavbgš¿xi c`gh©v`v w`‡q Ôwmwbqi wgwb÷viÕ evwb‡qwQ‡jb (1978
mv‡ji Ryb †_‡K 1979 mv‡ji gvP© ch©šÍ)| Zvi bvg gwkDi ingvb
Rv`y wgqv| h_vixwZ, Rv`y wgqvI gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb| GB
Aciv‡a †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Avg‡j wZwb wZb eQi `yB gvm †RjI
†L‡UwQ‡jb| gyw³hy× †kl nIqvi mvZ-AvU eQ‡ii gv_vqB wRqvDi
ingv‡bi Kj¨v‡Y evsjv‡`k `yB-`yBRb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K cÖavbgš¿x-
c‡` †`L‡Z cvq, hv ZLbI ¶Z¯’vb bv-ï‡Kv‡bv gyw³‡hv×v‡`i Rb¨
wQj wbtm‡›`‡n biKhš¿Yv| D‡jøL¨, wRqvDi ingv‡bi gwš¿mfvqI
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i RqRqKvi wQj|
(Kwe iæ`ª gyn¤§` kwn`yjøvn ÔevZv‡m jv‡ki MÜÕ KweZv wj‡LwQ‡jb
1977 mv‡ji 3 wW‡m¤^i, GKzk eQi eq‡m| KweZvUvi GKUv evK¨Ñ
ÔRvwZi cZvKv AvR Lvg‡P a‡i‡Q †mB cy‡iv‡bv kKzb|Õ iæ`ª †eu‡P

†iRvKvi mnevm 67
_vK‡j wR‡Ám Kiv †hZ Ôcy‡iv‡bv kKzbÕ †K ev Kviv Ges †Kv‡bv
hy×vcivax gš¿xi Mvwo‡Z RvZxq cZvKv Do‡Z †`‡L wZwb GB KweZvUv
wj‡LwQ‡jb wK bv| 1991 mv‡j cuqwÎk eQi eq‡m iæ`ª mKj cÖ‡kœi
E‡aŸ© P‡j hvb|)
GLv‡b Av‡iv D‡jøL¨Ñ Kzwóqvi Bmjvwg wek¦we`¨vj‡q 2000 mv‡j
Ôwk¶K-wk¶v_©x mvs¯‹…wZK †K›`ªÕ bv‡g GKUv wgjbvqZb wbg©vY Kiv
nq| weGbwc miKvi 2001 mv‡j H wgjbvqZ‡bi bvg iv‡L Ôkvn
AvwRRyi ingvb wgjbvqZbÕ| AvIqvwg wj‡Mi Avg‡j 2013 mv‡j Gi
bvg cvj‡U ivLv n‡q‡Q Ôexi‡kÖô nvwg`yi ingvb wgjbvqZbÕ|
3.
1972 mv‡ji `vjvj Av‡`‡k `wÐZ †Kv‡bv e¨w³ evsjv‡`‡ki †fvUvi
n‡Z cvi‡eb bv (A_©vr wbe©vP‡bI cÖv_©x n‡Z cvi‡eb bv)Ñ G iKg
weavbmsewjZ GKUv Aby‡”Q` (122-Gi O) evnvˇii msweav‡b mshy³
wQj| Gi gv‡b n‡jvÑ gyw³hy‡× cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi `vjvwj K‡i
nZ¨v, jyÉb, al©Y I AwMœms‡hv‡M AskMÖnYKvix †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Av`vjZ
KZ©„K †`vlx cÖgvwYZ n‡j wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki †fvUviI n‡Z cvi‡eb bv;
wbe©vPbI Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| we¯§qKi e¨vcvi n‡jvÑ wRqvDi ingvb
msweavb †_‡K GB Aby‡”Q`UvI Zz‡j wb‡qwQ‡jb| Gi d‡j, `wÐZ
hy×vcivaxiv cybivq †fvUvi nIqvi Ges wbe©vP‡b cÖwZØw›ØZv Kivi
my‡hvM cvb| A_©vr hy×vcivax‡`i‡K †fvUvwaKvi wdwi‡q †`Iqvi Ges
Zv‡`i‡K ivRbxwZ‡Z wdwi‡q Avbvi mg¯Í Av‡qvRb m¤úbœ K‡i
w`‡q‡Qb wRqv| Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ ev ÔKjve‡iUm© AW©viÕ cvk K‡iwQ‡jb
†kL gywRe| GKvˇii hy×vcivax‡`i wePv‡ii Rb¨ 1972 mv‡j wZwb
GB AvBb cvk K‡ib| GB AvB‡b muvBwÎk nvRv‡ii †ewk Awfhy³
hy×vcivax KvivMv‡i wQ‡jb| nZ¨v, jyÉb, AwMœms‡hvM, al©YÑ
mywbw`©ófv‡e GB Pvi Aciv‡ai mv‡_ m¤ú„³ bv _vKv Avmvwg‡`i Rb¨
†kL gywRe mvaviY ¶gvI †NvlYv K‡ib| mvaviY ¶gv †NvlYvi ciI
GMv‡iv nvRv‡ii †ewk Awfhy³ hy×vcivax KvivMv‡i wQ‡jb| wKš‘
1975 mv‡ji 31 wW‡m¤^i mvgwiK Av‡`k-e‡j wRqvDi ingvb Ô`vjvj
Av‡`kÕ evwZj K‡i †`b, GB AvB‡bi Aaxb ew›`‡`i‡K Kvivgy³ K‡i

†iRvKvi mnevm 68
†`b, GgbwK GB AvB‡b `wÐZ‡`i‡KI (752 Rb) wZwb gy³ K‡i
†`b| evnvˇii msweav‡bi cÖ_g Zdwm‡j ewY©Z wQjÑ Ab¨vb¨ weavb
m‡Ë¡I, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv AvB‡bi mv‡_ hw` †Kv‡bvfv‡e mvsNwl©KI nq, Zv
n‡jI 1972 mv‡ji Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ Kvh©Ki _vK‡e| wRqv msweav‡bi
cÖ_g Zdwmj †_‡K GB weavbI Zz‡j †bb|
4.
gyw³hy× PjvKv‡j †hme ivR‰bwZK `j evsjv‡`‡ki R‡b¥i mwμq I
mk¯¿ we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj; gyw³hy‡×i Ae¨ewnZ c‡i Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB
†mme `j ivRbxwZ‡Z wd‡i Avmvi `ytmvnm †`Lvqwb, `j¸‡jvi
mvaviY †bZvKg©xiv †`‡kB Mv-XvKv w`‡q wQ‡jb, kxl© †bZviv cvwK¯Ívb
I evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv bv-PvIqv wewfbœ †`‡k cvwj‡q wQ‡jb| d‡j,
H `j¸‡jv‡K m`¨ ¯^vaxb †`‡k Avjv`vfv‡e wbwl× Kivi cÖ‡qvRb
c‡owb| †kL gywReyi ingvb, ZeyI, evsjv‡`‡k ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ
wbwl× K‡ib| evnvˇii msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 38-G DwjøwLZ wQjÑ
ÔivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨m¤úbœ ev j¶¨vbymvix †Kv‡bv mv¤cÖ`vwqK mwgwZ ev
msN wKsev Abyiƒc D‡Ïk¨m¤úbœ ev j¶¨vbymvix ag©xq bvghy³ ev
ag©wfwËK Ab¨ †Kv‡bv mwgwZ ev msN MVb Kwievi ev Zvnvi m`m¨
nBevi ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖKv‡i Zvnvi ZrciZvq AskMÖnY Kwievi
AwaKvi †Kv‡bv e¨w³i _vwK‡e bv|Õ gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZvKvix
`j¸‡jvi AwaKvskB †h‡nZz ag©wfwËK wQj Ges †h‡nZz cvwK¯Ívwb
†mbvevwnbx Avi Zv‡`i G †`kxq †`vmiiv a‡g©i †`vnvB w`‡qB MYnZ¨v
Pvwj‡qwQj, †m‡nZz gywRe ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ wbwl× Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb| ag©wfwËK GKwU msMVbI gyw³hy× mg_©b K‡iwb|
gyw³hy‡×i mwμq we‡ivwaZvKvix kxl© msMVb wQj Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwg;
GB ZvwjKvq G Qvov wQj †bRv‡g Bmjvg, Ijvgv‡q Bmjvg, K…lK-
kÖwgK cvwU©, c~e© cvwK¯Ívb KwgDwb÷ cvwU©, c~e© evsjv me©nviv cvwU©,
gymwjg wjMI| gymwjg wj‡Mi wQj wZb MÖæc| ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZi
Ici †h cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡lavÁv m`¨ ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k wQj, wRqvDi
ingvb ¶gZvq AwawôZ n‡q ZvI cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bb| d‡j, ¯^vaxb
†`‡k Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwg-mn ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax Ab¨vb¨ `‡ji ivRbxwZ‡Z

†iRvKvi mnevm 69
Avi †Kv‡bv evav iBj bv| wRqvDi ingvb ïay `wÐZ hy×vcivax‡`i
†fvUvwaKviB wdwi‡q †`bwb, Zv‡`i‡K ivRbxwZ Kivi Ges wbe©vP‡b
cÖv_©x nIqvi mg¯Í my‡hvMI ˆZwi K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb|
5.
Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ cvk n‡qwQj 1972 mv‡ji 24 Rvbyqvwi| 1972
mv‡ji 22 †deªæqvwi ch©šÍ †hme Avmvwg UªvBeybv‡j Dcw¯’Z n‡Z e¨_©
n‡qwQ‡jb, 1973 mv‡ji 18 GwcÖj Zv‡`i bvMwiKZ¡ evwZj K‡i
evsjv‡`k miKvi| ZLb EbPwjøkR‡bi bvMwiKZ¡ evwZj n‡qwQj,
G‡`i g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb GKvˇii MYnZ¨vi Ab¨Zg gv÷vigvBÛ
RvgvqvZ-†bZv †Mvjvg AvRg| AvRg 1971 mv‡ji 22 b‡f¤^i
cvwK¯Ív‡b cvwj‡q wM‡q Avi wd‡i Av‡mbwb| gyw³hy‡×i ci cvwK¯Ív‡bi
cvm‡cvU© wb‡q cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK wn‡k‡e wZwb wewfbœ †`‡k Ny‡i
†ewo‡q‡Qb, evsjv‡`kwe‡ivax cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q‡Qb (hv‡Z †Kv‡bv †`k
evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^vaxb †`k wn‡k‡e ¯^xK…wZ bv †`q) Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi mv‡_
evsjv‡`‡ki Kb‡dWv‡ikb ˆZwii †Póv K‡i‡Qb| gywRe RxweZ
_vKvKv‡j AvRg, Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB, evsjv‡`‡k wd‡i Avmvi ev
evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ cvIqvi K_v KíbvI K‡ibwb| hviv bvMwiKZ¡
Pvq, 1976 mv‡ji 20 †g wRqvDi ingvb Zv‡`i Rb¨ GKUv †cÖm †bvU
Rvwi K‡ib Ges †mB my‡hvM wb‡q AvRg evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡
cvIqvi Rb¨ GKvwaKevi cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb| gv‡qi g„Zz¨‡K cyuwR K‡i
AvRg 1978 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m evsjv‡`‡ki gvwU‡Z cv iv‡Lb| †m
eQi wRqvDi ingvb Zv‡K `yBevi wfmv bevqb Kivi my‡hvM †`b| H
eQ‡iiB b‡f¤^i gv‡m AvRg evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡q cvwK¯Ívwb
cvm‡cvU© Rgv w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK‡Z¡i Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡ib| wKš‘
wewfbœ AvBwb RwUjZvi Kvi‡Y wRqvi RxeÏkvq AvRg bvMwiKZ¡
cvbwb| wKš‘ BwZnv‡m †jLv _vK‡eÑ hy×vciv‡ai `v‡q cieZ©xKv‡j
beŸB eQ‡ii Kviv`‡Ð `wÐZ Acivax †Mvjvg AvRg wRqvDi ingv‡bi
Avg‡jB †`‡k †divi my‡hvM †c‡qwQ‡jb, wRqvi Aewkó RxebKv‡ji
cy‡ivUvRy‡oB AvRg A‰eafv‡e evsjv‡`‡k wQ‡jb|

†iRvKvi mnevm 70
6.
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g msweav‡bi AZ¨šÍ kw³kvjx I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq wQj
Øv`k Aby‡”Q`| Zv‡Z †jLv wQjÑ Ôag©wbi‡c¶Zvi bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi
Rb¨ me©cÖKvi mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv, ivóª KZ©„K †Kv‡bv ag©‡K ivR‰bwZK
gh©v`v`vb, ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨ a‡g©i e¨envi, †Kv‡bv we‡kl
ag©cvjbKvix e¨w³i cÖwZ ˆelg¨ ev Zvnvi Dci wbcxob we‡jvc Kiv
nB‡e|Õ gyw³hy×Kv‡j cvwK¯Ívb miKvi, cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx Ges
Zv‡`i G †`kxq †`vmiiv MYnZ¨vi ARynvZ wn‡k‡e ag©‡K e¨vcKfv‡e
e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y beMwVZ evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi msweav‡b ag©wbi‡c¶Zv
Awbevh© wQj| cvwK¯Ívb bvgK ag©iv‡óªi wcÄi wQu‡o †ewi‡q Avmv GKUv
ivóªI †Kv‡bvμ‡gB Av‡iKUv ag©ivóª n‡Z cv‡i bv, †mB iv‡óª ag©wfwËK
ivRbxwZ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv, †mB iv‡óªi †Kv‡bv ivóªag©I _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
1979 mv‡j cÂg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g wRqvDi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb †_‡K ag©wbi‡c¶Zv‡K wbe©vm‡b cvVvb (Ges GiB m~Î a‡i
Av‡iK mvgwiK kvmK û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv` 1988 mv‡j Aóg
ms‡kvabx G‡b msweav‡b AZwK©‡Z ivóªag© mshy³ K‡ib)| msweavb
†_‡K ag©wbi‡c¶Zv DwV‡q †`Iqvi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ
cybivq Pvjy Kivi Rb¨| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi me¸‡jv ag©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK
`jB gyw³hy‡×i mwμq ev wbw®Œq we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQj| d‡j, ¯^vaxb
evsjv‡`‡k ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ Pvjy K‡i †`Iqvi A_©B n‡jv wKQz
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax `j‡K ivRbxwZ‡Z cybe©vwmZ Kiv| msweavb †_‡K
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv DwV‡q wb‡q wRqvDi ingvb g~jZ ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax
Pμ‡KB ivRbxwZ‡Z cybtcÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb|
7.
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi nZ¨vKv‡Ði mv‡_ wRqvDi ingvb cÖZ¨¶ ev
c‡iv¶fv‡e RwoZ wK bv, Zv ¯úófv‡e Rvbv hvq bv| Z‡e, Ô`vqgyw³
Aa¨v‡`kÕ Aby‡gv`‡bi cvkvcvwk gywR‡ei ¯^‡NvwlZ Lywb‡`i‡K wRqv
wewfbœfv‡e cyi¯‹…ZI K‡iwQ‡jb| †kL gywRe‡K mcwiev‡i hviv nZ¨v
K‡iwQ‡jb, †mB Lywb‡`i‡K ivóªxqfv‡e cyi¯‹…Z K‡iwQ‡jb wRqvDi
ingvb| †h‡nZz †gvkZvK, mv‡qg I wRqvi miKvi wQj mivmwi

†iRvKvi mnevm 71
gywRenZ¨vi dmj; †m‡nZz GB wZb miKv‡i gywR‡ei Lywbiv, Lye
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB, wb‡R‡`i cÖfve I cÖfzZ¡ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb|
†gvkZvK I mv‡qg †mB cÖfve-cÖfzZ¡ nRg Ki‡jI wRqv nRg
K‡ibwb| eis wewfbœ `~Zvev‡m PvKwi w`‡q kvšÍ †i‡LwQ‡jb| †kL
gywReyi ingv‡bi nZ¨vKvix‡`i g‡a¨ kwidzj nK Wvwjg‡K Pvqbv
`~Zvev‡mi cÖ_g mwPe, AvwRR cvkv‡K Av‡R©w›Ubvi cÖ_g mwPe,
G‡KGg gwnDwÏb Avn‡g`‡K Avj‡Rwiqvi cÖ_g mwPe, eRjyj û`v‡K
cvwK¯Ív‡bi wØZxq mwPe, kvnwiqvi iwk`‡K B‡›`v‡bwkqvi wØZxq mwPe,
iv‡k` †PŠayix‡K †mŠw` Avi‡ei wØZxq mwPe, b~i †PŠayix‡K Biv‡bi
wØZxq mwPe, kwidzj †nv‡mb‡K Kz‡qZ `~Zvev‡m wØZxq mwPe wn‡m‡e
PvKwi †`Iqv nq wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avg‡j| ¯^vaxbZvi ¯’cwZi Lywb‡`i
wePv‡ii e¨e¯’v bv K‡i Dj‡Uv cyi¯‹vi¯^iƒc PvKwi w`‡q we‡`‡k Av‡qkx
Rxeb hvc‡bi my‡hvM K‡i †`Iqv wbðqB ¯^vaxbZvi ¯^c‡¶i Kv‡iv
KvR n‡Z cv‡i bv|
8.
Awek¦vm¨ e¨vcvi n‡jvÑ 1980 mvj ch©šÍ Uzw½cvovq †kL gywReyi
ingv‡bi mgvwa‡Z mve©¶wYK Kov cvnviv emv‡bv _vKZ, hv‡Z †KD H
mgvwa‡Z †Nul‡Z bv cv‡i| †KD mgvwai KvQvKvwQ †M‡j agK w`‡q
Zvwo‡q †`Iqv n‡Zv| gywR‡ei Kei wRqviZ Kivi Aciv‡a nvwR
†Mvjvg †gvi‡k` bvgK GKRb‡K †MÖßviI Kiv nq| †kL gywReyi
ingv‡bi avbgwÛ 32 bv¤^v‡ii evwoUvI Zvjve× K‡i ivLv n‡Zv|
GBme Z_¨ cvIqv hvq Aa¨vcK Avey mvBwq‡`i Ôgyw³hy‡×i `wjj
jÐfÐ Ges AZtciÕ eB‡qi 80 c„ôvq| wRqvDi ingv‡bi RxeÏkvq
†eZv‡i-†Uwjwfk‡b †kL gywRe A‡NvwlZfv‡e wbwl×B wQ‡jb| ZLb
miKvwi MYgva¨‡g gyw³hy‡×i ZZUzKz BwZnvmB cÖPvi Kiv n‡Zv,
hZUzKzi mv‡_ wRqvDi ingvb‡K mswkøó Kiv hvq|
9.
G K_v me©Rbwew`ZÑ †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b 1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP© †kL
gywRe evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv-Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡iv¶ w`Kwb‡`©kbvmsewjZ
fvlY †`Iqvq 7 gvP© ZvwiLUv †MvUv fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mB
†iRvKvi mnevm 72
¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡q Av‡Q| wRqv 1976 mv‡ji 7 gvP©, †mB †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b
wegvbevwnbxcÖavb †Mvjvg ZvIqve‡K w`‡q ÔwmivZ gvnwdjÕ Av‡qvRb
Kivb| Zv‡Z e³e¨ iv‡Lb cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóª`~Z Ges gyw³hy‡×i
we‡ivwaZvKvix wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bZviv, hv‡`i AwaKvskB
evnvˇii `vjvj AvB‡b mvRvcÖvß| e³e¨ iv‡Lb ZiæY gIjvbv
†`jvIqvi †nvmvBb mvC`xI| †h †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b †h Zvwi‡L
¯^vaxbZvi ¯’cwZ ¯^vaxbZv-Av‡›`vj‡bi iƒc‡iLv †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb,
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivaxiv gyw³hy‡×i gvÎB †mvqv Pvi eQ‡ii gv_vq †mB
†im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b wVK †mB Zvwi‡LB ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨g~jK gvnwdj
Av‡qvRb K‡i‡QÑ GB `„k¨ †`Lvi ci kwn`cwievi¸‡jvi Abyf‚wZ Kx
n‡qwQj, Zv mn‡RB Aby‡gq| ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i‡K GK‡hv‡M gv‡V
bvgv‡j gyw³‡hv×viv Kx ai‡bi cÖwZwμqv †`Lvb, Zv ciL K‡i †`LvB
wQj H gvnwdj Av‡qvR‡bi D‡Ïk¨| Av‡jvP¨ gvnwdj †_‡K `vwe I‡V
RvZxq msMxZ I RvZxq cZvKv cwieZ©‡bi, GgbwK evsjv‡`k‡K
ÔBmjvwg cÖRvZš¿Õ †NvlYviI; GB gvnwdj †_‡K †¯øvMvb D‡VwQjÑ
ÔZvIqve fvB, ZvIqve fvB, Pvb-Zviv cZvKv PvB|Õ ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax
Pμ wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avg‡jB GZ `ytmvnm †c‡qwQj| A_©vr wRqvi
Avgj wQj hy×vcivax‡`i Rb¨ me‡P‡q wbwðZ mgq Z_v gayPw›`ªgv-
Kvj|
10.
XvKvi kvnev‡M †h wkïcvK©wU Av‡Q; †mwU cÖwZôv K‡ib wRqvDi
ingvb, 1979 mv‡j| †mB myev‡` cvK©wU weGbwci Avgj¸‡jvq Ôkwn`
wRqv wkïcvK©Õ bv‡gI cwiwPZ wQj| wKš‘ GB cvK© AivR‰bwZK bv|
GB cv‡K©i †cQ‡bI myMfxi ivRbxwZ Av‡Q| †kL gywReyi ingvb
1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP© †h RvqMvwU‡Z `uvwo‡q fvlY w`‡qwQ‡jb, †mB
RvqMv hv‡Z fwel¨‡Z KLbI wPwýZ Kiv bv hvq Ges Ô†im‡Kvm©
gq`vbÕ ev Ô†mvnivIqvw`© D`¨vbÕ bv‡gv”Pvi‡Yi mv‡_-mv‡_ gvbmc‡U 7
gv‡P©i fvlY †f‡m bv D‡V Ab¨wKQz fv‡m; †mRb¨ wRqvDi ingvb wVK
H RvqMvq ev Gi KvQvKvwQ ¯’v‡b wkïcvK© wbg©vY K‡ib| 1972 mv‡ji
17 gvP© GB D`¨v‡bB fvi‡Zi ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x Bw›`iv MvÜx‡K

†iRvKvi mnevm 73
msea©bv w`‡qwQ‡jb †kL gywRe Ges ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb ÔBw›`iv gÂ'|
wkïcvK© wbg©v‡Yi Avov‡j †mB ÔBw›`iv gÂÕI wbwðý K‡i †`Iqv
n‡q‡Q| 2021 mv‡ji 1 †deªæqvwi ˆ`wbK hyMvšÍ‡i PÆMÖvg
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mv‡eK DcvPvh© Ave`yj gvbœv‡bi †jLv GKUv Kjvg
†_‡K Rvbv hvqÑ ÔcÖqvZ mvsevw`K wMqvm Kvgvj †PŠayix, whwb
weGbwc‡Nulv GKRb mvsevw`K wQ‡jb, wZwb †cÖm K¬v‡ei GK †mwgbv‡i
e‡jwQ‡jbÑ wRqv Pvbwb †Kv‡bv gymjgvb †Rbv‡ij Agymjgv‡bi Kv‡Q
AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡iwQ‡jb, Gi †Kv‡bv ¯§viK evsjv‡`‡k _vKzK|Õ kvnev‡M
D‡Ïk¨cÖ‡Yvw`Z wkïcvK©-wbg©v‡Yi gva¨‡g, evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³-
Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKUv ¯’vb wRqv BwZnvm †_‡K gy‡Q †`Iqvi †Póv
K‡i‡Qb; †im‡Kvm© gq`vb‡K wZwb cv`cÖ`x‡ci evB‡i wb‡q †h‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb| wRqvi Kg©KvÐ mv¶¨ †`qÑ gywRe-msμvšÍ †h‡Kv‡bv wKQz‡Z
Zvi AvKÉ Av‡μvk wQj, Zvi cÖvYvšÍ cÖ‡Póv wQj gyw³hy×-msμvšÍ
wewfbœ ¯§viKI wbwðý Kivi|
wbg©‡j›`y ¸‡Yi Ô¯^vaxbZvÑ GB kãwU Kxfv‡e Avgv‡`i n‡jvÕ KweZvi
wKQz cO&w³ G iKgÑ ÔGB wkïcvK© †mw`b wQj bv, GB e„‡¶-dz‡j
†kvwfZ D`¨vb †mw`b wQj bv, GB Z›`ªv”Qbœ weeY© we‡Kj †mw`b wQj
bv| Zv n‡j †Kgb wQj †mw`‡bi †mB we‡Kj †ejvwU? Zv n‡j †Kgb
wQj wkïcv‡K© †e‡Â-e„‡¶ dz‡ji evMv‡b †X‡K †`Iqv GB XvKvi ü`q
gvVLvwb? Rvwb, †mw`‡bi me ¯§„wZ gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡q‡Q D`¨Z Kv‡jv nvZ|
ZvB †`wLÑ Kwenxb GB wegyL cÖvšÍ‡i AvR Kwei weiæ‡× Kwe, gv‡Vi
weiæ‡× gvV, we‡K‡ji weiæ‡× we‡Kj, D`¨v‡bi weiæ‡× D`¨vb, gv‡P©i
weiæ‡× gvP©Õ (iPbvKvj 1980)| 7 gv‡P©i me ¯§„wZ gy‡Q w`‡Z Kv‡jv
nvZ D`¨Z n‡qwQj e‡j ¸Y GLv‡b †h Awf‡hvM K‡i‡Qb, †mB Kv‡jv
nvZ Kvi; Zv wbðqB ejvi Avi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv| GB wbeÜ †jLvi
gvSc‡_ Kwe wbg©‡j›`y ¸‡Yi mv‡_ K_v e‡j †R‡bwQÑ ÔD`¨v‡bi
weiæ‡× D`¨vbÕ ej‡Z wZwb †mvnivIqvw`© D`¨v‡bi (†im‡Kvm© gq`vb)
weiæ‡× `uvo Kiv‡bv wkïcvK©‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| †kL gywR‡ei RxeÏkvq
ivR‰bwZK mgv‡ek¸‡jv †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡bB n‡Zv| Zvi g„Zz¨i ci
Ôeû`jxq MYZš¿Õ Pvjy n‡jI mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi _vKvi Kvi‡Y
ivR‰bwZK mgv‡e‡ki AbygwZ wQj bv| cieZ©xKv‡j wRqv ÔN‡ivqv
†iRvKvi mnevm 74
ivRbxwZÕi AbygwZ †`b Ges ¸wj¯Ív‡b wRwcIi cvk¦©eZ©x Lvwj RvqMvq
(gy³v½b) ÿz`ª cwim‡i mfv Kivi my‡hvM †`b| GB cÖwμqv‡KB ¸Y
Ôgv‡Vi weiæ‡× gvVÕ e‡j‡Qb| c‡b‡ivB AvM‡÷i ci kvmK‡Mvôx‡K
†ZvqvR Kivi Rb¨ AL¨vZ A‡bK Kwe †kL gywR‡ei weiæ‡× KweZv
wj‡LwQ‡jb Ges cÖMwZkxj wKQz Kwe wbcxwoZ nIqvi f‡q c‡b‡ivB
AvM‡÷i nZ¨vKv‡Ði weiæ‡× Ae¯’vb †bbwb| ÔKwei weiæ‡× KweÕÑ
GLv‡b cÖ_‡gv³ ÔKweÕ ¯^qs gywRe (7 gv‡P©i fvlY KweZvi g‡Zv wQj
weavq) Avi wØZx‡qv³ ÔKweÕ n‡jb H `yB †kÖwYi Kwem¤cÖ`vq| Avi
Ôgv‡P©i weiæ‡× gvP©Õ ej‡Z ¸Y †kL gywR‡ei 7 gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi wecix‡Z
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i 1976 mv‡ji 7 gv‡P©i mfv Avi mvgwiK
kvmK‡`i gvP©cv÷‡K (KzPKvIqvR) eywS‡q‡Qb|
11.
GKUv e¨vcvi j¶YxqÑ GKvˇii MYnZ¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv DV‡j
weGbwc ÔcvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxÕi bvg D”PviY K‡i bv| MYnZ¨vKvix
msMV‡bi bvg ejv Awbevh© n‡q DV‡j weGbwc GKUv kã e¨envi
K‡iÑ Ônvbv`vievwnbxÕ| †Kvb †`‡ki †Kvb evwnbxÑ weGbwc cviZc‡¶
Zv gy‡L Av‡b bv; e¨vcviUv Zviv Ônvbv`vievwnbxÕ w`‡qB Pvwj‡q †`q|
GKB D‡Ï‡k¨ GB GKB kã RvZxq cvwU©I e¨envi K‡i _v‡K, e¨envi
K‡i Rvgvqv‡Z BmjvwgI| 2015 mv‡j kwn` eyw×Rxexw`em Dcj‡¶
†`Iqv evYx‡Z weGbwci Lv‡j`v wRqv Ges RvZxq cvwU©i iIkb
Gikv` `yRbB e‡j‡Qb 1971 mv‡ji 14 wW‡m¤^i evOvwj eyw×Rxexiv
nvbv`vievwnbxi nv‡Z wbnZ n‡q‡Qb Avi Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwg evYx
w`‡q‡Q Av‡iv fveev‡P¨Ñ 14 wW‡m¤^i kvnv`vZeiYKvix eyw×Rxex‡`i‡K
RvwZ kÖ×vi mv‡_ ¯§iY Ki‡Q| eyw×Rxexiv Kv‡`i Øviv kwn` n‡q‡Qb,
Gi †Kv‡bv nw`m Rvgvqv‡Zi evYx‡Z wQj bv| D‡jøL¨, 1971 mv‡ji
14 wW‡m¤^i eyw×Rxexwba‡b †bZ…Z¡ w`‡qwQj Rvgvqv‡ZiB ZrKvjxb
QvÎmsMVb QvÎms‡Ni wKwjs ¯‹qvW Avj-e`i|
hv †nvK, GB Ônvbv`vievwnbxÕ k‡ãi Avwe®‹viK I cÖe³v wRqvDi
ingvb| wRqvi Avg‡j †Kv‡bv ivóªxq Abyôvb, msev`cÎ I cvV¨cy¯Í‡K
ÔcvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxÕ, Ô†iRvKviÕ, ÔAvj-e`iÕ ev ÔAvj-kvgmÕ

†iRvKvi mnevm 75
k㸇jv e¨eüZ n‡Zv bv; e¨eüZ n‡Zv Ônvbv`vievwnbxÕ (Z_¨m~ÎÑ
ÔG·‡cøBb †nvqvU BR nvbv`vievwnbxÕ, kvnwiqvi Lvb, †WBwj ÷vi
AbjvBb, 15 wW‡m¤^i 2015)| wRqvi Avg‡ji cvV¨cy¯ÍK c‡o
wk¶v_©xiv Rvb‡Z cviZ bv G †`‡k MYnZ¨v Kviv Pvwj‡qwQj, Kviv
Zv‡`i `vjvwj K‡iwQj| Ônvbv`vievwnbxÕ kãUv GLb GZUvB Aejxjvq
e¨eüZ nq †h, e¨enviKvixiv Rv‡bbB bv GB k‡ãi Avov‡j Kx Mfxi
ivRbxwZ jywK‡q Av‡Q| wRqv Ggb GKUv cÖRb¥ M‡o †Zvjvi cÖqvm
wb‡qwQ‡jbÑ GKvˇi cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© hviv wKQzB
Rvb‡e bv, Rvb‡e bv cvwK¯Ív‡bi G †`kxq †`vmi‡`i mvsMVwbK I
e¨w³MZ cwiPq| cvwK¯Ívb †Kv‡bvfv‡e wei³ nq ev evsjv‡`‡ki
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivaxiv †Kv‡bvμ‡g weeªZ nqÑ ¶gZvq _vKvKv‡j Ggb
†Kv‡bv KvR wRqvDi ingvb K‡ibwb|
GLv‡b Av‡iv D‡jøL¨Ñ 2018 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi cÖv°v‡j ZiæY
†fvUvi‡`i D‡Ï‡k weGbwci c¶ †_‡K `‡ji gnvmwPe wgR©v dLiæj
Bmjvg AvjgwM‡ii GKUv wfwWIevZ©v cÖPvi Kiv nq mvgvwRK
†hvMv‡hvMgva¨‡g| dLiæj †mLv‡b e‡jbÑ ÔAvgvi eqm hLb
Avcbv‡`i g‡Zv, ZLb Avgiv GKUv hy‡× wM‡qwQjvg †`kUv‡K gy³
Kie e‡j| ZLb Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k A‡bK gvbyl wQj, hviv ejZÑ
cvÄvwe‡`i mv‡_ hy‡× Avgiv †Kv‡bvw`bI cvie bv, †g‡i-†K‡U Iiv
†kl K‡i †`‡e|Õ A_©vr dLiæjI cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡K ÔcvÄvweÕ
e‡jB Pvwj‡q w`‡q‡Qb, wZwbI ÔcvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxÕ K_vUv D”PviY
K‡ibwb| cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi bvg D”PviY Ki‡Z weGbwc
gnvmwP‡ei mgm¨v †Kv_vq, Zv ¯úó bv| K‡e †Kv_vq Kvi Aax‡b hy×
K‡i‡Qb, dLiæj ZvI ¯úó K‡ibwb| cÖm½Z D‡jøL¨Ñ dLiæ‡ji evev
wgR©v iæûj Avwgb hy×vciv‡ai `v‡q 1972 mv‡ji `vjvj AvB‡b †MÖßvi
n‡q Kviv‡fvM K‡ib, GgbwK ÔmvaviY ¶gvÕ †NvwlZ nIqvi ciI
iæûj Avwgb gy³ nbwb| mvaviY ¶gv wQj †Kej Zv‡`i Rb¨Ñ
gyw³hy‡× hviv nZ¨v, al©Y, jyUZivR I AwMœms‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ RwoZ
wQ‡jb bv| iæûj Avwgb ÔmvaviY ¶gvÕ cvbwb, wZwb Kvivgy³ nb
wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avg‡j `vjvj Av‡`k evwZj nIqvi c‡i|

†iRvKvi mnevm 76
12.
evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKvi meyR iO †`‡ki meyR cÖK…wZi cÖZxK|
Avi jvj e„Ë wb‡`©k K‡i ¯^vaxbZvi jvj m~h©, Z_v gyw³hy‡× wbnZ‡`i
i³| AZ¨šÍ Awek¦vm¨ e¨vcvi n‡jvÑ 1978 mv‡ji weRqw`e‡m
ZrKvjxb ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingvb wb‡`©k †`b XvKvi wKQz miKvwi
fe‡b mey‡Ri gv‡S jvj e„‡Ëi cwie‡Z© Kgjv e„‡Ëi cZvKv Iov‡bvi
Rb¨| mv‡eK Z_¨ cÖwZgš¿x Aa¨vcK Avey mvBwq‡`i Ô†Rbv‡ij wRqvi
ivRZ¡Õ eB‡q GB Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| cZvKvi i‡O mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b G‡b
wRqv cix¶v Kivi †Póv KiwQ‡jb cZvKv cy‡ivcywi cvj‡U †dj‡j
Rbmvavi‡Yi cÖwZwμqv †Kgb n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ RvZxq cZvKvi Ggb
Aegvbbvi NUbvq Zxeª cÖwZev` nIqvq wRqv GB `yiwfmwÜg~jK
D‡`¨vM †_‡K m‡i wM‡qwQ‡jb| gyw³hy‡× wbnZ‡`i i‡³i jvj
cÖZxK‡K RvZxq cZvKv †_‡K mwi‡q w`‡ZI wRqv wØav‡eva K‡ibwb|
D‡jøL¨Ñ GB NUbvi Pviw`b Av‡M, 1978 mv‡ji 12 wW‡m¤^i, PÆMÖvg
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ_g wm‡bU Awa‡ek‡b †Kvivb †ZjvIqv‡Zi Av‡M
RvZxq msMxZ MvIqvq wRqvDi ingvb‡K PÆMÖvg †Rjv weGbwci †bZv
Wv. BDmyd e‡jbÑ Ôm¨vi, Avgv‡`i cZvKvq Bmjvwg is †bB, GUv
Avgv‡`i fv‡jv jv‡M bv| GUv Bmjvwg Zvnw¾e I ZgyÏy‡bi mv‡_
wgj‡Q bv|Õ Dˇi wRqv e‡jwQ‡jbÑ Ôn‡e, n‡e| mewKQzB n‡e| Av‡M
wn›`yi †jLv RvZxq msMxZ e`jv‡bv †nvK| Zvici RvZxq cZvKvi
K_v fvee|Õ mvsevw`K Av‡e` Lv‡bi Ôloh‡š¿i Rv‡j wecbœ ivRbxwZÕ
eB‡q GB Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡Q|
13.
wRqvDi ingvb RvZxq msMxZ cwieZ©‡bi D‡`¨vM †bb Gi c‡ii eQi|
1979 mv‡ji 30 GwcÖj RvZxq msMxZ cwieZ©‡bi cÖ¯Íve Av‡m| H
mg‡qi gwš¿cwil` wefv‡Mi bw_ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv hvq, ZrKvjxb
cÖavbgš¿x kvn AvwRRyi ingvb GK †Mvcb wPwV‡Z gwš¿cwil`‡K
†j‡LbÑ Ôiex›`ªbv_ VvKz‡ii †jLv GKwU Mvb fviZxq RvZxq msMxZ|
wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK bb| Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv MvbwU Avgv‡`i
ms¯‹…wZi †PZbvi cwicwš’ weavq RvZxq msMxZ cwieZ©b Avek¨K|Õ H

†iRvKvi mnevm 77
wPwV‡Z ÔAvgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕi cwie‡Z© ÔcÖ_g evsjv‡`k, Avgvi †kl
evsjv‡`k'‡K RvZxq msMxZ Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib AvwRR (MxwZKvi
gwbiæ¾vgvb gwbi, myiKvi AvjvDwÏb Avjx)| cÖavbgš¿xi H wPwV †c‡q
gwš¿cwil` wefvM †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb Ges me miKvwi Abyôv‡b cÖ_g
evsjv‡`k MvbwU cÖPv‡ii wb‡`©kbvI Rvwi K‡i| G mg‡q ivóªcwZi
Abyôv‡b RvZxq msMx‡Zi cvkvcvwk ÔcÖ_g evsjv‡`k, Avgvi †kl
evsjv‡`kÕ MvIqv ïiæ nq| wKš‘ RvZxq msMxZ cwieZ©‡bi cwiKíbv
1981 mv‡j wRqvDi ingv‡bi g„Zz¨i ci †_‡g hvq|
RvZxq msMxZ cwieZ©‡bi †Zvo‡Rvo Lv‡j`v wRqvi Avg‡jI †`Lv
wM‡qwQj| 2002 mv‡ji 19 gvP© ZrKvjxb wkígš¿x I Rvgvqv‡Z
Bmjvwgi Avwgi gwZDi ingvb wbRvgx Ges mgvRKj¨vYgš¿x I
Rvgvqv‡Zi †m‡μUvwi †Rbv‡ij Avwj Avnmvb †gvnv¤§` gyRvwn` RvZxq
msMxZ cwieZ©‡bi j‡¶¨ GKwU †hŠ_ mycvwikcÎ cÖavgš¿xi Kv‡Q Rgv
†`b| Zv‡Z ejv nqÑ mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ Avgv‡`i Bmjvwg
g~j¨‡eva I †PZbvi Av‡jv‡K RvZxq msMxZ ms‡kvwaZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖavbgš¿x Lv‡j`v wRqv wPwVUv cÖZ¨vL¨vb bv K‡i ms¯‹…wZ gš¿Yvj‡q
cvVvb| ms¯‹…wZgš¿x Lyiwk` Rvnvb nK (Lv‡j`v wRqvi eo‡evb) welqwU
AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j mwP‡ei Kv‡Q †cÖiY K‡ib| RvZxq msMxZ
cwieZ©b‡K ms¯‹…wZ gš¿Yvj‡qi GLwZqviewnf©~Z welq AwfwnZ K‡i
mwPe Zv gwš¿cwil` wefv‡M cvVvb| GKB eQ‡ii 19 AvM÷ cÖ¯ÍvewU
ms¯‹…wZ gš¿Yvj‡q cvVv‡bv nq| wKš‘ †mB miKv‡ii Avg‡j cÖ¯ÍvewU
M„nxZ nqwb| Gi ci G m¤ú‡K© Avi †Kv‡bv ZrciZv bw_‡Z cvIqv
hvqwb| A_©vr RvZxq msMxZ cwieZ©‡bi Ac‡Póv wRqvDi ingv‡bi
Avg‡jI n‡q‡Q, Lv‡j`v wRqvi Avg‡jI n‡q‡Q|
wRqv-`¤úwZi evB‡i Av‡iv GKRb evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ
e`jv‡bvi D‡`¨vM wb‡qwQ‡jbÑ L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g`| 1975
mv‡ji AvM‡÷ ¶gZvq e‡mB †gvkZvK RvZxq msMxZ cwieZ©‡bi
j‡¶¨ D”Pch©v‡qi GKwU KwgwU MVb K‡ib| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi evsjv
wefv‡Mi Aa¨vcK W. KvRx `xb gyn¤§`‡K H KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb Kiv
nq| KwgwU‡K ejv nq GK gv‡mi g‡a¨ bZzb †Kv‡bv Mvb‡K ÔRvZxq

†iRvKvi mnevm 78
msMxZÕ wn‡k‡e cÖ¯Íve Ki‡Z| †m KwgwU `y‡Uv Mv‡bi GKwU‡K RvZxq
msMxZ Kivi cÖ¯Íve K‡i cÖwZ‡e`b Rgv †`qÑ KvRx bRiæj Bmjv‡gi
ÔPj Pj PjÕ Ges diiæL Avng‡`i Ôcv‡ÄixÕ KweZv| wKš‘ Afz¨Ìvb
cvjUv-Afz¨Ìv‡b H cÖ¯Íve Avi nv‡j cvwb cvqwb| D‡jøL¨, gyw³hy×Kv‡j
KvRx `xb gyn¤§` wQ‡jb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cvwK¯Ívb-AbyMZ `vjvj
wk¶K‡`i †bZv| `vjvj wk¶K‡`i GKUv `j wb‡q cvwK¯Ív‡bi
ZrKvjxb ivóªcwZ Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi mv‡_ `xb gyn¤§` †`LvI K‡iwQ‡jb|
14.
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g c~Yv© ½ msweavb Aby‡gvw`Z nq cÖ_g weRqw`e‡m,
1972 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i| †mB msweav‡bi ïiæ‡ZB, A_©vr cÖ¯Ívebvq,
ejv nqÑ ÔAvgiv, evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY, 1971 wLªóv‡ãi gvP© gv‡mi 26
Zvwi‡L ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Kwiqv RvZxq gyw³i Rb¨ HwZnvwmK msMÖv‡gi
gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k cÖwZwôZ KwiqvwQ|Õ
wKš‘ 1979 mv‡j msweav‡b cÂg ms‡kvabx Av‡bb ZrKvjxb ivóªcwZ
I mvgwiK kvmK wRqvDi ingvb| cÂg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g wRqvDi
ingvb kãMZ †h cwieZ©bwU msweav‡b G‡bwQ‡jb, Zv n‡jvÑ DwjøwLZ
cÖ¯Ívebvq wZwb Ôgyw³Õi cwie‡Z© Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ Ges ÔmsMÖvgÕ-Gi cwie‡Z©
Ôhy×Õ kãUv cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡Z cy‡iv evK¨Uv `uvwo‡qwQjÑ
ÔAvgiv, evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY, 1971 wLªóv‡ãi gvP© gv‡mi 26 Zvwi‡L
¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Kwiqv RvZxq ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ HwZnvwmK hy‡×i
gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k cÖwZwôZ KwiqvwQ|Õ
wRqvDi ingv‡bi cwiewZ©Z msweavb Abyhvqx A_© `uvovqÑ GKvˇii
hy× wQj ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨, A_P evsjv‡`k (hy‡×i Av‡MB) 26 gvP©
†_‡KB ¯^vaxb| wRqvDi ingv‡bi GB msweavb-g‡Z 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ
GB f‚LÐ Avm‡j c~e© cvwK¯ÍvbB wQj, evsjv‡`k wQj bv| GLv‡b k‡ãi
Av‡iv †`¨vZbv I hvZbv Av‡Q| ÔHwZnvwmK hy×Õ ej‡j †Kej 26 gvP©
†_‡K 16 wW‡m¤^‡ii mk¯¿ hyׇK †evSvq| wKš‘ cvwK¯Ív‡bi weiæ‡×
Avgv‡`i msMÖvgUv ïay H bqgv‡mi mk¯¿ msMÖvg wQj bv; †ZBk eQ‡ii
(1947 †_‡K 1971) A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK msMÖvgI wQj|
msweav‡b ÔHwZnvwmK msMÖvgÕ bv e‡j ÔHwZnvwmK hy×Õ ej‡j H †ZBk

†iRvKvi mnevm 79
eQ‡ii my`xN© msMÖvgUv‡K †e‡Nv‡i A¯^xKvi Kiv nq| A¯^xKvi Kiv nq
1952-Gi fvlv-Av‡›`vjb, 1954-Gi wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›Ui weRq,
evsjv‡K 1956-Gi msweav‡b Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡k‡e AšÍf©y³Ki‡Yi
Av‡›`vjb, 1962-Gi wk¶v-Av‡›`vjb, 1966-Gi Qq `dv, 1968-Gi
AvMiZjv lohš¿gvgjv, 1969-Gi MYAfz¨Ìvb, 1970-Gi mvaviY
wbe©vPb wKsev 1971-Gi 7 gvP©‡K| msweav‡b ÔHwZnvwmK hy×Õ K_vUv
_vKvi c‡iv¶ A_© `uvovqÑ bqgv‡mi mvgwiK hy×Uv wfbMÖn †_‡K
AvPgKv Avg`vwb n‡q‡Q, Gi Av‡Mi `yB hy‡M Avi wKQzB N‡Uwb, 27
gvP© KvjyiNvU †eZvi‡K›`ª †_‡K †NvlYvi gva¨‡g ÔHwZnvwmK hy×Õ ïiæ
n‡q 16 wW‡m¤^i †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b Avwgi Ave`yjøvn Lvb wbqvwRi
m`jej AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q ÔHwZnvwmK hy×Õ †kl n‡q †M‡Q|
wRqvDi ingvb 1976 mv‡j Ôgyw³hy×Õ-†K Ô¯^vaxbZvhy×Õ evwb‡qB ¶všÍ
nbwb| 1981 mv‡j wZwb AZ¨šÍ Afvebxq GKUv †NvlYv †`b| Zv n‡jv
26 gvP© Ô¯^vaxbZvw`emÕ wn‡k‡e cvwjZ bv n‡q ÔRvZxq w`emÕ bv‡g
cvwjZ n‡e Ges 16 wW‡m¤^i ÔweRqw`emÕ wn‡k‡e cvwjZ bv n‡q
cvwjZ n‡e Ô¯^vaxbZvw`emÕ wn‡k‡e| Gi my¯úó A_© n‡jvÑ GB f‚L‡Ði
†jvKRb 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK wQj, 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ
GB †`k cvwK¯ÍvbB wQj| Gi d‡j 26 gv‡P©i ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv, 10
GwcÖj A¯’vqx miKviMVb (gywRebMi miKvi) I ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ
(A¯’vqx msweavb) cÖYqb, 17 GwcÖj A¯’vqx miKv‡ii kc_MÖnY A‰ea
n‡q hvq; GKvˇii hy×Uv gyw³hy× bv n‡q cwiYZ n‡q hvq
wew”QbœZvev`x hy‡×| 1972 mv‡j †h Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ cvk Kiv n‡qwQj;
†mB AvBb Abyhvqx wePvi Kiv m¤¢e wQj ïay †`kxq `vjvj‡`i,
cvwK¯Ívwb hy×vcivax‡`i bv| evsjv‡`‡ki Ô¯^vaxbZvw`emÕ hw` 16
wW‡m¤^i nq, Zv n‡j 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ GB f‚L‡Ði mevB‡K
cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK e‡j MY¨ Ki‡Z nq| †m wn‡k‡e 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ
H `vjvjivI wQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK| Gi gv‡b `uvovqÑ 1971 mv‡ji
15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ GB f‚L‡Ð msNwUZ hy×vciv‡ai wePvi Kivi Rb¨
evsjv‡`k †Kv‡bv AvBbB ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv (†h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki
AvBb w`‡q cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i wePvi Kiv hvq bv)| fwel¨‡ZI †hb †KD G
†`kxq hy×vcivax‡`i wePv‡ii Rb¨ AvBb ˆZwi bv cv‡i, wRqvDi ingvb
†iRvKvi mnevm 80
†mRb¨ Ô¯^vaxbZvw`emÕ 26 gv‡P©i e`‡j Ô16 wW‡m¤^iÕ cvjb Ki‡Z
†P‡qwQ‡jb| 1981 mv‡ji †g gv‡mB wbnZ nIqvq wRqv 16 wW‡m¤^i
GKeviI ¯^vaxbZvw`em cvjb K‡i †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| H eQ‡ii 26 gvP©
ÔRvZxq w`emÕ cvjb Kivq wZwb e¨vcK cÖwZev‡`i gy‡LvgywL nb Ges
†NvlYv †`bÑ c‡ii eQi †_‡K 26 gvP© ÔRvZxq w`emÕ wn‡k‡e cvwjZ
bv n‡q Ô¯^vaxbZv I RvZxq w`emÕ wn‡k‡e cvwjZ n‡e| Gme Z_¨
wb‡qwQ Aa¨vcK Avey mvBwq‡`i Ô†Rbv‡ij wRqvi ivRZ¡Õ I mvsevw`K
Av‡e` Lv‡bi Ôloh‡š¿i Rv‡j wecbœ ivRbxwZÕ eB †_‡K| †gvÏv K_vÑ
wRqvDi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki eyK †_‡K gyw³hy× bvgK Aa¨vqUv‡KB
wbwðý K‡i w`‡Z D‡`¨vM wb‡qwQ‡jb| evsjv‡`‡k gyw³hy‡×i bvg-
wbkvbv _vKzKÑ Gi †Kv‡bv my‡hvMB wZwb ivL‡Z Pvbwb| msweavb,
RvZxq cZvKv, RvZxq msMxZ, †im‡Kvm© gq`vbÑ BZ¨vKvi Ggb wKQz
†bB, hv ay‡qgy‡Q wZwb gyw³hy‡×i MÜ Zvov‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Z evwK
†i‡L‡Qb|
15.
wRqvDi ingvb‡K ¶gZvPz¨Z Kivi Rb¨ mk¯¿evwnbx‡Z †ek K‡qKevi
Afz¨Ìvb N‡UwQj| Afz¨Ìv‡bi mywbw`©ó msL¨v cvIqv hvq bv; †Kbbv
†KvbUv‡K Afz¨Ìvb e‡j aiv n‡e, Avi †KvbUv‡K Afz¨Ìvb aiv n‡e
bvÑ Gi me©Rbxb †Kv‡bv msÁv †bB| †Kv_vI Z_¨ cvIqv hvq wRqvi
Avg‡j Afz¨Ìvb N‡U‡Q Dwbkevi, †Kv_vI †ZBkevi, †Kv_vI
mvZvkevi; MocoZv a‡i †bIqv hvq cuwPkevi| wRqvi weiæ‡× me‡P‡q
Zxeª Afz¨Ìvb N‡UwQj 1977 mv‡ji 2 A‡±vei, wegvbevwnbx‡Z|
cÖwZUv Afz¨Ìv‡bi ci wRqvDi ingvb we‡`ªvnx‡`i‡K duvwm‡Z †Svjv‡Zb
wKsev dvqvwis ¯‹qv‡W cvVv‡Zb| ejvB evûj¨ †h, wePv‡ii ¯’vbxq ev
AvšÍR©vwZK b~¨bZg gvb`‡Ði wQ‡U‡duvUvI wRqv †g‡b Pj‡Zb bv|
g„Zz¨`‡Ði Av‡`‡k ¯^v¶i Ki‡Z-Ki‡Z wRqv K¬všÍ n‡q †h‡Zb| †m‡id
bvg wg‡j hvIqvi Kvi‡Y GK ew›`‡K duvwm bv w`‡q Av‡iK ew›`‡K
duvwm †`Iqv n‡q‡QÑ wRqvi Avg‡j Ggb NUbv mvaviY wQj| g„Zz¨
wbwðZ nIqvi Av‡MB ˆmb¨‡`i nvZ-cv‡qi iM †K‡U †`Iqv n‡Zv,
i‡³ †f‡m †hZ XvKv †K›`ªxq KvivMv‡ii cvk¦©eZ©x b`©gv| ag©xq wek¦vm

†iRvKvi mnevm 81
Abyhvqx jvk mrKv‡ii my‡hvMI †`Iqv nqwb ZLb| cwievi¸‡jvI
RvbZ bv Zv‡`i ¯^Rb †eu‡P Av‡Qb, bvwK duvwm‡Z Sz‡j‡Qb|
Afz¨Ìv‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ m‡›`‡n wRqvDi ingv‡bi ûKz‡g mk¯¿ evwnbxi
†gvU KqRb‡K g„Zz¨`Ð †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, Gi mwVK wnkve GLb Avi
cvIqv hvq bv| AwaKvsk bw_ Mv‡qe K‡i †djv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e, GB
msL¨vUv GK nvRvi †_‡K `yB nvRv‡ii gvSvgvwS (ÔwRqvDi ingv‡bi
Avg‡j †mbvnZ¨vÕ wj‡L ¸Mj Ki‡jB G msμvšÍ AmsL¨ †jLv cvIqv
hv‡e)| wRqvi Avg‡j wb‡LuvR nIqv wKQz †mbvm`m¨ GLbI wb‡LuvR|
D‡jøL¨ wRqvDi ingv‡bi ûKz‡g duvwm‡Z †Svjv‡bv ev dvqvwis ¯‹qv‡W
cvVv‡bv †mbvm`m¨‡`i GKUv eo AskB gyw³‡hv×v wQ‡jb|
16.
wRqvDi ingv‡bi `y‡Uv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ BwZevPK c`‡¶c wQj ÔGKz‡k
c`KÕ I Ô¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹viÕ cÖeZ©b| wZwb 1976 mv‡j ÔGKz‡k c`KÕ
Ges 1977 mv‡j Ô¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹viÕ cÖeZ©b K‡ib| wRqvi Avg‡j
†`‡ki cÖw_Zhkv e¨w³eM©‡KB cyi¯‹vi `y‡Uv †`Iqv nw”Qj| d‡j,
Ô¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹viÕ GZUvB m¤§vbRbK n‡q D‡VwQj †h, G‡K †`‡ki
m‡e©v”P †emvgwiK c`K wn‡k‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ Rxe‡bi
†klcÖv‡šÍ G‡m wRqvDi ingvb Ô¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹viÕ‡K GKUv wewPÎ
Dcv‡q KjywlZ K‡ib| 1980 mv‡j wZwb wk¶v‡¶‡Î Ô¯^vaxbZv
cyi¯‹viÕ †`b wc‡ivRcy‡ii QviwQbv `ievi kwi‡di wci Avey Rvdi
†gvnv¤§` mv‡jn‡K| Avey Rvdi e„nËi ewikv‡ji gyL¨
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i GKRb| Aa©mnmªvwaK †iRvKvi, `vjvj I mv½cv½
wb‡q 1971 mv‡ji 11 b‡f¤^i wZwb gyw³evwnbxi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©Y
Ki‡Z eva¨ nb, hy× †kl nIqvi AvM ch©šÍ gyw³evwnbx Zv‡K M„new›`
K‡i iv‡L| 1972 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi Zv‡K †MÖßvi K‡i ewikv‡j wb‡q
hvIqv nq| Avey Rvdi `vjvj AvB‡b †Rj LvU‡Z _v‡Kb Ges †kL
gywReyi ingvb KZ©„K ÔmvaviY ¶gvÕ †NvwlZ nIqvi ci 1973 mv‡j
†Rj †_‡K Qvov cvb| Avey Rvd‡ii hy×vciv‡ai eY©bv cvIqv hvq
ÔGKvˇii NvZK I `vjvjiv †K †Kv_vqÕ eB‡q (c„ôv 91-94)| †h
cyi¯‹v‡ii bv‡gi mv‡_ Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ kãUv Rwo‡q Av‡Q, `vjvj AvB‡b
†iRvKvi mnevm 82
†Rj LvUv GKRb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivaxi nv‡ZI †mB Ô¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹viÕ
Zz‡j w`‡Z wRqv wØav‡eva K‡ibwb|
GKB mv‡j (1980) mvwn‡Z¨ Ô¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹viÕ †`Iqv nq Kwe diiæL
Avng` I bvU¨Kvi gybxi †PŠayix‡K| diiæL Pwjø‡ki `k‡Ki AZ¨šÍ
kw³gvb Kwe, Zvi Kve¨cÖwZfv wb‡q Kv‡iv wØgZ †bB| wKš‘ wZwb
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Pvbwb| wZwb eyw×e„wËKfv‡e gyw³hy‡×i mwμq
we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb, Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi gyLcÎ ˆ`wbK msMÖvgÕ-G
1971 mv‡j wZwb cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi †`vmi‡`i‡K Drmvn w`‡q
KweZv wj‡L‡Qb, hy‡×i ci evsjv A¨vKv‡Wwg‡Z Zvi cÖ‡ek
A‡NvwlZfv‡e wbwl× wQj| m`¨ ¯^vaxb †`‡k, 1974 mv‡j, g„Zz¨i ci
Zvi gi‡`n `vdb wb‡qI RwUjZv m„wó nq| †kl ch©šÍ kvnRvnvbcyi
Kei¯’v‡b Kwe †ebwRi Avn‡g‡`i Ke‡ii cv‡k Zv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq
(†ebwRiI gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZv K‡iwQ‡jb)| Acic‡¶ gybxi †PŠayix
GKRb kwn` eyw×Rxex| Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi ZrKvjxb QvÎmsMVb
QvÎms‡Ni wKwjs ¯‹qvW Avj-e`i evwnbx 1971 mv‡ji 14 wW‡m¤^i
†hme eyw×Rxex‡`i‡K AcniY K‡i wb‡q nZ¨v K‡i, gybxi †PŠayix
Zv‡`i Ab¨Zg| wRqvDi ingvb GKRb kwn` eyw×Rxex‡K †h g‡Â
cyi¯‹…Z (gi‡YvËi) K‡i‡Qb, †mB GKB g‡Â cyi¯‹…Z K‡i‡Qb `yRb
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡KI| †mw`b gybxi †PŠayixi c‡¶ †KD cyi¯‹vi MÖnY
Ki‡Z wM‡qwQ‡jb wK bv, wM‡q _vK‡j Zvi Abyf‚wZ Kx n‡qwQjÑ Rvwb
bv| GUzKz RvwbÑ wRqvDi ingvb gyw³hy× I gyw³‡hv×v‡`i‡K GKUv
A™¢yZ I RwUj cwiw¯’wZi gy‡LvgywL `uvo Kwi‡qwQ‡jb| GKB ivóªcwZ
GKB g‡Â kwn` eyw×Rxex‡KI cyi¯‹…Z Ki‡Qb, Avevi `vjvj AvB‡b
†Rj LvUv hy×vcivax‡KI cyi¯‹…Z Ki‡QbÑ m¤¢eZ wek¦-BwZnv‡mB G
GK bwRiwenxb b„Z¨bvU¨| D‡jøL¨, Ôcwjø Dbœq‡b AmvaviY Ae`v‡bi
Rb¨Õ 1977 mv‡j gvneye Avjg Pvlx‡K Ô¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹viÕ †`b
wRqvDi ingvb| GB gvneye Avjg Pvlx †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
nZ¨vKv‡Ði mv‡_ RwoZ kxl© lohš¿Kvix‡`i GKRb wn‡k‡e BwZnv‡m
wPwýZ n‡q Av‡Qb|

†iRvKvi mnevm 83
17.
wRqvDi ingvb †mbvevwnbx‡ZI †mme Kg©KZ©v‡K D”Pc‡` Avmxb
K‡iwQ‡jb Ges `ªæZ c‡`vbœwZ w`‡qwQ‡jb; hviv gyw³hy‡×i cy‡ivUv
mgqRy‡o cvwK¯Ív‡b wQ‡jb, gyw³hyׇk‡l evsjv‡`‡k wd‡i‡Qb|
D`vniY¯^iƒcÑ 1978 mv‡j wRqvDi ingvb û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv`‡K
†mbvcÖavb wn‡k‡e wb‡qvM †`b| gyw³hy× ïiæ nIqvi mv‡_-mv‡_
Gikv` cvwK¯Ív‡b cvwo Rwg‡qwQ‡jb, evsjv‡`‡k wd‡iwQ‡jb 1973
mv‡j| A_©vr gyw³hy‡× we›`ygvÎ f‚wgKv bv-_vKv Gikv`‡KB †mbvcÖavb
wn‡k‡e wRqvi cQ›` n‡qwQj| †mbvKg©KZ©v‡`i g‡a¨ hviv gyw³‡hv×v
wQ‡jb, wRqv Zv‡`i c‡`vbœwZi e¨vcv‡i DrmyK wQ‡jb bv| A-
gyw³‡hv×v‡`i‡K `ªæZ c‡`vbœwZcÖ`vb Ges gwš¿mfvq
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i‡K ¯’vb †`Iqv wQj wRqvi weiæ‡× 1981 mv‡ji †g
gv‡m we‡`ªvn nIqvi Ab¨Zg KviY| wRqv †mB we‡`ªv‡n wbnZ nb|
we‡`ªv‡ni †cQ‡b Ggb KviY _vKvi K_v wewewm evsjv‡K Rvwb‡q‡Qb
†gRi †Rbv‡ij ˆmq` gyn¤§` Beªvwng (30 †g 2022)| wRqvnZ¨vq
Awfhy³ †mbvKg©KZ©viv we‡`ªvncieZ©x mvgwiK Av`vj‡Z GB Z_¨
w`‡q‡Qb|
†Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingv‡bi hy×vcivax cybe©vmbcÖwμqv Av‡iK †Rbv‡ij
û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv`I Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQ‡jb| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi
Lywb L›`Kvi Ave`yi iwk`, ˆmq` dviæK ingvb I eRjyj û`v 1987
mv‡j Gikv‡`i Avg‡jB wd«Wg cvwU© bv‡g GKUv ivR‰bwZK `j MVb
K‡ib| A_©vr Gikv`B †kL gywR‡ei Lywb‡`i‡K evsjv‡`‡k msNe×
ivRbxwZ Kivi my‡hvM K‡i †`b| wd«Wg cvwU© cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv wjweqvq
ZrKvjxb ivóªcwZ gyqv¤§vi MvÏvwdi A_©vq‡b| `j MVb Kivi AvM
ch©šÍ GB Lywb‡`i GKvsk †`kQvov wQ‡jb| Gikv`B Zv‡`i‡K †`‡k
†divi my‡hvM K‡i †`b| 1986 mv‡j Gikv` ˆmq` dviæK ingvb‡K
ivóªcwZ c‡` cÖwZØw›ØZv KiviI my‡hvM †`b| 1988 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b
†g‡nicyi †_‡K eRjyj û`v mvsm`I wbe©vwPZ nb| A_©vr †kL gywR‡ei
Lywbiv Gikv‡`i Avg‡j RvZxq msm‡`I P‡j hvq| Gikv`I †kL
gywR‡ei nZ¨vKvix‡`i‡K wewfbœ †`‡ki evsjv‡`k `~Zvev‡m envj
†iRvKvi mnevm 84
iv‡Lb, KvD‡K-KvD‡K c‡`vbœwZI w`‡q‡Qb| BbwKjve cwÎKvi
cÖwZôvZv Ave`yj gvbœvb‡K Gikv` gwš¿Z¡ w`‡qwQ‡jb| c~e© cvwK¯Ívb
gv`ªvmvwk¶K mwgwZi mfvcwZ wn‡k‡e gv`ªvmvwk¶K‡`i GKwU
cÖwZwbwa`j wb‡q 1971 mv‡ji 27 †m‡Þ¤^i gvbœvb †Rbv‡ij wbqvwRi
mv‡_ †`Lv K‡ib| wbqvwR‡K GK Kwc †Kvivb Dcnvi w`‡q gvbœvb
e‡jwQ‡jbÑ ÔcvwK¯Ív‡bi wbivcËv I Bmjv‡gi †MŠie e„w×i Rb¨ Avgiv
†mbvevwnbx‡K mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z|Õ GB ˆeV‡Ki ci gv`ªvmvwk¶K
I Qv·`i‡K †iRvKvi, Avj-e`i I Avk-kvg‡m AšÍf©y³ K‡i mvgwiK
cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| gvbœvb-msμvšÍ DwjøwLZ Z‡_¨i Drm
ÔGKvˇii NvZK I `vjvjiv †K †Kv_vqÕ eB‡qi c„ôv 88-90|
BwZnv‡mi eo Uªv‡RwW n‡jvÑ †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Lywb‡`i‡K Avwki
`k‡K evsjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK `j MVb Kivi my‡hvM K‡i †`Iqv
Gikv`‡K 2014 mv‡j gš¿xc`gh©v`vq wb‡Ri Ôwe‡kl `~ZÕ wn‡k‡e
wb‡qvM w`‡qwQ‡jb †kL gywReyi ingv‡biB †R¨ô Kb¨v †kL nvwmbv|
19.
hv †nvK, ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax cybe©vmbcÖwμqvq L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g`,
wRqvDi ingvb I û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv‡`i c`v¼B AbymiY K‡ib
msm`xq MYZš¿ Pvjyi ci cÖ_g cÖavbgš¿x nIqvÑ weGbwccÖavb †eMg
Lv‡j`v wRqv| 1991 mv‡j wZwb Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi cÖZ¨¶ mg_©‡bB
miKvi MVb K‡ib| 2001 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b wZwb Rvgvqv‡Z
Bmjvwgi mv‡_ †RvUe× nb Ges wbe©vP‡b wecyj msL¨vMwiôZv †c‡q
cyi¯‹vi wn‡k‡e RvgvqvZ‡K `y‡Uv gwš¿Z¡ †`b| gwš¿Z¡ cvIqv `yRbB
GKvˇi Avj-e`‡ii kxl© †bZv wQ‡jb, b„ksmZvq †h Avj-e`i wQj
†¶Îwe‡k‡l cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi †P‡qI fqven| Lv‡j`v wRqv
Rvgvqv‡Zi ZrKvjxb Avwgi gwZDi ingvb wbRvgx‡K evbvb K…wlgš¿x
c‡i (wkígš¿x), †m‡μUvwi †Rbv‡ij Avwj Avnmvb †gvnv¤§` gyRvwn`‡K
mgvRKj¨vYgš¿x| hy×vciv‡ai `v‡q wbRvgx-gyRvwn` `yR‡bB
cieZ©xKv‡j Aek¨ g„Zz¨`‡Ð `wÐZ n‡q‡Qb| GKvˇii hy×vcivaxiv
wewfbœ kvmbvg‡j e¨w³MZfv‡e gš¿x n‡q‡Qb| wRqvDi ingvb, û‡mBb

†iRvKvi mnevm 85
gyn¤§` Gikv`, †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv, †kL nvwmbvÑ PviRbB
hy×vcivax‡`i Mvwo‡Z RvZxq cZvKv Iovi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| wKš‘
evsjv‡`‡k †Kv‡bv ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax `j‡K Lv‡j`v wRqvB cÖ_g
ivóª¶gZvi Askx`vi K‡i‡Qb| D‡jøL¨, hy×vciv‡ai `v‡q hve¾xeb
Kviv`ЇfvMiZ Ae¯’vq 2014 mv‡j gviv hvIqv Ave`yj Avwjg 1996
†_‡K 2006 ch©šÍ weGbwci wU‡K‡U mvsm` wQ‡jb, wRqvDi ingv‡bi
Avg‡j cÖ_‡g wQ‡jb cvUgš¿x I c‡i †hvMv‡hvMgš¿x|
20.
wRqvDi ingv‡bi cvUgš¿x wQ‡jb Ave`yi ingvb wek¦vm| 1991 mv‡j
weGbwc ¶gZvmxb nIqvi ci Lv‡j`v wRqv cÖ_‡g Zv‡K RvZxq
msm‡`i w¯úKvi evbvb, c‡i evbvb ivóªcwZ| GKvˇi ingvb wQ‡jb
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax ivR‰bwZK `j gymwjg wj‡Mi GKvs‡ki ewikvj †Rjv
KwgwUi mn-mfvcwZ| ingvb cÖKv‡k¨ gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZv K‡ib Ges
GKvˇii RyjvB gv‡m kvwšÍ KwgwUi mfvq gyw³‡hv×v‡`i weiæ‡× e³…Zv
K‡ib| ivóªcwZ AvBbvbyMfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki me wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvPvh©|
Ave`yi ingvb wek¦vm ivóªcwZ nIqvi ci wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jvi QvÎ-
wk¶K‡`i g‡a¨ e¨vcK cÖwZwμqv †`Lv †`q| weGbwci QvÎmsMVb
QvÎ`j Avi Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi QvÎmsMVb QvÎwkwei Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv
QvÎmsMVb ingv‡bi g‡Zv GKRb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K †`‡ki ivóªcwZ
Z_v wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jvi AvPvh© wn‡k‡e †g‡b †bqwb| wgwQj-wgwUs K‡i
QvÎmgvR Gi cÖwZev` K‡iwQj Ges cywjk Qv·`i‡K h_vixwZ wcwU‡q
cÖwZev` fÐyj K‡i w`‡qwQj| Gi ci ingvb ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡i‡Qb bxi‡e-wbf„‡Z| QvÎiv AveviI we‡¶vf Ki‡Z cv‡iÑ GB
Avk¼vq Ave`yi ingvb wek¦v‡mi Kg©Kv‡Ði LeivLei MYgva¨‡g Lye-
GKUv cÖPvwiZ n‡Zv bv|
21.
mvjvDwÏb Kv‡`i †PŠayix PÆMÖv‡gi GKRb KzL¨vZ hy×vcivax| wZwb
gyw³‡hv×v‡`i‡K †nq K‡i hZ K_v GKRxe‡b e‡j‡Qb, evsjv‡`‡k

†iRvKvi mnevm 86
Avi †KD Zv e‡j‡Qb e‡j g‡b nq bv| †`‡ki me‡P‡q `vw¤¢K I D×Z
ivR‰bwZK †bZv wQ‡jb wZwb| Akøxj K_vevZ©vqI Zvi Rywo wQj bv|
hy×vciv‡ai `v‡q 2015 mv‡j Zvi duvwm Kvh©Ki nq| mvjvDwÏb
wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avg‡jI weGbwci wU‡K‡U mvsm` n‡q‡Qb, mvsm`
n‡q‡Qb Lv‡j`v wRqvi g‡bvbq‡bI| Lv‡j`v Zv‡K wb‡Ri msm`welqK
Dc‡`óvI evwb‡qwQ‡jb| 2001 mv‡j mvjvDwÏb †Muv a‡iwQ‡jb
IAvBwmi gnvmwPe c‡` evsjv‡`‡ki c¶ †_‡K cÖv_©x nIqvi Rb¨|
Lv‡j`v Zv‡Z m¤§wZI w`‡qwQ‡jb| Kw_Z Av‡QÑ 200 †KvwU UvKv LiP
K‡i †`k-we‡`‡k Z`wei K‡iI mvjvDwÏb‡K †RZv‡bv hvqwb| Dj‡Uv
gvj‡qwkqvi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki K‚U‰bwZK m¤úK© Lvivc n‡qwQj,
gvj‡qwkqvq evsjv‡`kx‡`i kÖgevRv‡ii IciI †bwZevPK cÖfve
c‡owQj; KviY IAvBwmi †mB wbe©vP‡b gvj‡qwkqviI cÖv_©x wQj,
evsjv‡`k wb‡Riv cÖv_©x bv w`‡q gvj‡qwkqvi cÖv_©x‡K mg_©b w`‡j
gvj‡qwkqvi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki mym¤úK© eRvq _vKZ| hv †nvK,
AvšÍR©vwZK cwigЇjI GKRb hy×vcivax‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cvVv‡Z
Lv‡j`v wRqv wØav‡eva K‡ibwb| mvjvDwÏb Kv‡`i †PŠayix IAvBwmi
gnvmwPe n‡q †M‡j wek¦cwigЇj evsjv‡`k‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Zb
GKRb hy×vcivax|
22.
kxl© hy×vcivax †Mvjvg AvRg Av`vj‡Zi iv‡q evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡
wd‡i cvb 1994 mv‡j, Lv‡j`v wRqvi Avg‡jB| 1978 †_‡K 1994Ñ
cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK nIqv m‡Ë¡I GB †lv‡jv eQi AvRg †eAvBwbfv‡e
evsjv‡`‡k Ae¯’vb K‡ib| 1991 mv‡ji 29 wW‡m¤^i Lei Av‡mÑ
†Mvjvg AvRg‡K Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwgi Avwgi †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GKRb cvwK¯Ívwb bvMwiK‡K evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
mfvcwZ Kiv n‡jvÑ Gi cÖwZev‡` Rbwe‡¶vf `vbv †eu‡a I‡V|
we‡¶v‡fi †bZ…Z¡ †`b kwn`Rbbx Rvnvbviv Bgvg| AvRg‡K Rvgvqv‡Z
Bmjvwgi Avwgi †NvlYvi wZb mßv‡ni gv_vq †`‡ki 101 wewkó
bvMwi‡Ki mgš^‡q ÔGKvˇii NvZK-`vjvj wbg©~j KwgwUÕ MwVZ nq,

†iRvKvi mnevm 87
Rvnvbviv Bgvg‡KB wbg©~j KwgwUi cÖavb Kiv nq| KwgwU †NvlYv †`qÑ
(1992 mv‡ji) 25 gv‡P©i g‡a¨ miKvi †Mvjvg AvR‡gi wePvi bv
Ki‡j 26 gvP© †mvnivIqvw`© D`¨v‡b (†im‡Kvm© gq`vb) MYAv`vjZ
ewm‡q AvR‡gi wePvi Kiv n‡e| RvgvqvZ-mgw_©Z weGbwc miKvi,
AbywgZfv‡eB, wbg©~j KwgwUi wgwQj-wgwUs‡q cywjk w`‡q nvgjv K‡i;
†mB nvgjvq †Lv` Rvnvbviv Bgvg AvnZ n‡q wcwR nvmcvZv‡j fwZ©
n‡qwQ‡jb| †h kwn`‡`i i‡³i wewbg‡q evsjv‡`kivóª Kv‡qg n‡qwQj,
GKRb cvwK¯Ívwb bvMwiK‡K †`‡ki GKwU ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mfvcwZ
Kivi cÖwZev` Ki‡Z wM‡q †mB kwn`‡`iB GKR‡bi gv‡K Lv‡j`v
wRqvi Avg‡j AvnZ-jvwÃZ n‡Z n‡qwQj| MYAv`vjZ emv‡bvi
Aciv‡a ZrKvjxb weGbwc miKvi Rvnvbviv Bgvgmn PweŸkRb wewkó
bvMwi‡Ki weiæ‡× ivóª‡`ªvn-gvgjv K‡i| ivóª‡`ªvn-gvgjv gv_vq wb‡qB
Rvnvbviv Bgvg 1994 mv‡j wgwkMv‡b g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| kvixwiK
nvgjvi ci ivóª‡`ªvn-gvgjv wQj Rvnvbviv Bgv‡gi Rb¨ weGbwci †kl
Dcnvi|
23.
Avwmd bIqvR RvbRyqv 1971 mv‡j cvK †mbvevwnbxi †gRi wQ‡jb|
evsjv‡`‡k cwiPvwjZ cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi MYnZ¨vq wZwb mivmwi
m¤ú„³ wQ‡jb e‡j Awf‡hvM Av‡Q (e¨vcviUvi wbðqZv hvPvB Ki‡Z
cvwiwb)| RvbRyqv cieZ©xKv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi †mbvcÖavb nb Ges
†mbvcÖavb _vKvKv‡j 1993 mv‡ji 8 Rvbyqvwi g„Zz¨eiY K‡ib| Ab¨
†`‡ki †mbvcÖav‡bi g„Zz¨‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki miKvicÖavb ev ivóªcÖav‡bi
†kvKcÖKv‡ki †iIqvR †bB| ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv
cÖPwjZ †iIqvR †f‡O RvbRyqvi g„Zz¨‡Z AvbyôvwbKfv‡e †kvKcÖKvk
K‡i‡Qb| GB †kvKcÖKv‡ki Lei c‡iiw`‡bi (9 Rvbyqvwi 1993)
RvZxq cwÎKv¸‡jvq (†hgbÑ B‡ËdvK, msev`, AeRvifvi) Qvcv nq|
Avevi, †h RMwRr wms A‡ivivi †bZ…Z¡vaxb wgÎevwnbxi Kv‡Q 1971
mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b AvZ¥mgc©Y
K‡i, †mB A‡ivivi g„Zz¨i mg‡qI (2005 mvj) evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿x

†iRvKvi mnevm 88
wQ‡jb Lv‡j`v wRqvB| wKš‘ †Rbv‡ij A‡ivivi g„Zz¨‡Z †eMg Lv‡j`v
wRqv cÖavbgš¿x wn‡k‡e AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ev e¨w³ wn‡k‡e
AbvbyôvwbKfv‡e †Kv‡bv †kvKcÖKvk K‡ibwb| cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvcÖav‡bi
g„Zz¨‡Z cÖ‡UvKj †f‡O cÖavbgš¿xi †kvKcÖKvk, A_P gyw³hy‡×i
wgÎevwnbxi g„Zz¨‡Z GKB cÖavbgš¿xi bxieZvÑ Gi KviY wb‡q wbðqB
wPšÍvfvebvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q|
24.
gyw³hy‡× wbnZ‡`i msL¨v wb‡q cÖkœ IVv A¯^vfvweK wKQz bv, msL¨vq
mvgvb¨ †ni‡di n‡ZB cv‡i| Z‡e, GB cÖkœ hviv A`¨vewa Zz‡j‡Qb,
ivR‰bwZK cwiPq LwZ‡q †`L‡j GUvI Avevi my¯úófv‡e aiv †`qÑ
GB cÖkœ DÌvcbKvix‡`i Kv‡iv D‡Ïk¨B gnr bv, cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB `yiwfmwÜ
Av‡Q| gyw³hy‡× wbn‡Zi msL¨v hZ Kg †`Lv‡bv hv‡e; cvwK¯Ívb
†mbvevwnbxi b„ksmZv ZZ Kg e‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡e, Zv‡`i msNwUZ
hy×vciv‡ai gvÎv ZZ ¶xY e‡j cwiMwYZ n‡e, †`kxq †`vmiivI cv‡e
wekvj `vqgyw³| weGbwc-†bZviv eiveiB AvKv‡i-Bw½‡Z e‡j _v‡KbÑ
gyw³hy‡× wbn‡Zi msL¨v wÎk jvL bv, wZb jvL| gyw³hy‡× wbn‡Zi
msL¨v wÎk jvL n‡j Zv‡Z weGbwci †Kv‡bv ¶wZ †bB, wZb jvL n‡j
Zv‡ZI weGbwci †Kv‡bv jvf †bB| wZb jvL n‡j jvf Av‡Q
cvwK¯Ív‡bi, †m‡¶‡Î cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbx I Zv‡`i G-†`kxq
†`vmiiv bq-`kgvsk `vqgyw³ †c‡q hvq| gyw³hy‡× wbn‡Zi msL¨v wb‡q
weGbwc 1991 mv‡j †Lv` msm‡`B weZK© Zz‡j‡Q, 2015 mv‡ji
wW‡m¤^‡i †mB weZK©‡K †di Dm‡K w`‡q‡Qb ¯^qs Lv‡j`v wRqv| A_©vr
cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbx‡K wbiciva ev Kg-Acivax cÖgvY Kivi †Kv‡bv
†PóvB weGbwc ev` iv‡Lwb|
weGbwci ¯’vqx KwgwUi m`m¨, Lv‡j`v wRqvi cÖ_g gwš¿mfvi cwi‡ek
I ebcÖwZgš¿x M‡qk¦i P›`ª ivq Av‡iK KvwV †ewk m‡im| 1971 mv‡ji
14 wW‡m¤^i cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx I Avj-e`i evwnbxi nv‡Z wbnZ
nIqv eyw×Rxex‡`i‡K wb‡q 2015 mv‡ji 25 wW‡m¤^i AZ¨šÍ JׇZ¨i
mv‡_ M‡qk¦i e‡jbÑ Ôhviv cvwK¯Ív‡bi †eZb-fvZv LvB‡Q, †klw`b
ch©šÍ, Zviv wb‡e©v‡ai g‡Zv gviv †Mj| Avgv‡`i g‡Zv wb‡e©v‡aiv
†iRvKvi mnevm 89
cÖwZw`b Zv‡`i‡K kwn` eyw×Rxex wn‡k‡e dzj †`q| bv †M‡j Avevi
cvc nq| Ibviv hw` GZ eyw×gvb nb, Zvn‡j 14 ZvwiL ch©šÍ wb‡Ri
N‡i _v‡K Kx K‡i, GKUz e‡jb †Zv| Avi Zv Qvov, wbR-wbR Kg©¯’‡j
cÖwZgv‡m cvwK¯Ív‡bi †eZb LvBj, GUvI †Zv K_v ejv hvq, hvq bv?
Zviv cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii †eZb LvBj, Zviv n‡q †Mj gyw³‡hv×v| Avi
hviv cvjv‡q-cvjv‡q bv †L‡q †eov‡jv, Zviv n‡q †Mj †iRvKvi| ZvB
bv? hviv 25 gvP© gviv †M‡Qb, Zviv gviv †M‡Qb bv Rvbvi Kvi‡Y| Avi
hviv 14 wW‡m¤^i gviv †M‡Qb, Zviv AÁZvi Kvi‡Y gviv hvbwb| Zuviv
ÁvZmv‡i Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb|Õ kwn` eyw×Rxex‡`i‡K wb‡q Gme Dw³
Kiv e¨w³ gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶i bv wec‡¶iÑ Zv wbðqB Avi ejvi
A‡c¶v iv‡L bv| gyw³hy× Bï‡Z weGbwc-†bZviv mvaviYZ GB
fvlvqB K_v e‡j _v‡Kb, †cvlYI K‡ib cÖvq GKB gvbwmKZv|
M‡qk¦i iv‡qi GB gšÍe¨ m¤ú‡K© BwZnvmwe` gybZvmxi gvgyb e‡jbÑ
ÔM‡qk¦i ivq cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i Revb avi K‡i K_v e‡j‡Qb| my¯’ gw¯Í‡®‹i
†Kv‡bv gvbyl G K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q mv‡o mvZ †KvwU
gvbyl‡KB wK mxgvšÍ cvwo w`‡q †h‡Z n‡Zv? G †`‡ki eyw×RxexmgvR
GLv‡b †_‡KB cÖwZ‡iva K‡i‡Qb, gyw³‡hv×v‡`i mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb,
jovB‡K GwM‡q wb‡q †M‡Qb| Zviv cvwK¯Ív‡bi c‡¶ KvR K‡ibwb|Õ
25.
Ave`yj Kv‡`i †gvjøvi m‡e©v”P kvw¯Íi `vwe‡Z 2013 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi‡Z
kvnev‡M †h MYRvMiY n‡qwQj, ïiæ †_‡KB weGbwc Gi mwμq
we‡ivwaZv K‡i Ges MYRvMi‡Y AskMÖnYKvix‡`i‡K wb‡q KUv¶
Ki‡Z _v‡K| †Lv` Lv‡j`v wRqv Zv‡`i‡K bó-åó I d¨vwm÷ e‡j
we‡lv`&Mvi K‡ib| weGbwccwš’ ˆ`wbK cwÎKv ÔAvgvi †`kÕ
MYRvMiY‡K a~wjmvr Kivi cuvqZviv wb‡q bv‡g Ges †mB D‡Ï‡k¨
A‡bKUv mdjI nq| ÔAvgvi †`kÕ-Gi Ae¨vnZ Kzrmv Avi e¨w³MZ
Avμg‡Y kvnev‡Mi ZviæY¨ LvwbKUv w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o| MYRvMiY‡K
wbwðý K‡i †`Iqvi Rb¨ weGbwc-RvgvqvZ 2013 mv‡ji 5 †g
DMÖev`x msMVb Ô†ndvR‡Z BmjvgÕ-†K PÆMÖvg †_‡K XvKvq †W‡K G‡b
mgv‡ek Kwi‡qwQj Ges †`‡k AivRKZv m„wó Ki‡ZI m¶g n‡qwQj|

†iRvKvi mnevm 90
D‡jøL¨ †ndvR‡Zi †Kv‡bv †bZv gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡ibwb; ag©wfwËK
†hme ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mgš^‡q †ndvRZ MwVZ, †mme `jI gyw³hy‡×
evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ †Kv‡bv f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwb| cieZ©xKv‡j KLbI
AvIqvwg wjM miKvi †ndvR‡Zi mv‡_ Avcm K‡i‡Q, Avevi KLbI
†ndvRZ AvIqvwg wjM miKv‡ii mv‡_ Avcm K‡i‡Q| †kl ch©šÍ
ZiæY‡`i `vwe c~iY †hgb n‡q‡Q, BwZnv‡m †Zgwb †jLv _vK‡eÑ
weGbwc 1992 mv‡ji MYAv`vjZ‡KI ¸uwo‡q w`‡Z †P‡qwQj, ¸uwo‡q
w`‡Z †P‡qwQj 2013 mv‡ji MYRvMiYI| hy×vcivax‡`i wePvi e‡Üi
Rb¨ hv hv Kiv m¤¢e, 1975 †_‡K ïiæ K‡i A`¨vewa weGbwc Gi
mewKQzB K‡i‡Q|
26.
Av‡iKUv Kg Av‡jvwPZ ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax NUbv Lv‡j`v wRqvi Avg‡j
msNwUZ n‡q‡Q| GKKv‡j PÆMÖvg wegvbe›`‡ii bvg wQj GgG nvbœvb
AvšÍR©vwZK wegvbe›`i| nvbœvb GKvˇi PÆMÖvg †Rjv AvIqvwg wj‡Mi
mvaviY m¤úv`K wQ‡jb Ges AvIqvwg wj‡Mi `vwe AbyhvqxÑ wZwb
PÆMÖvg KvjyiNvU †eZvi‡K›`ª †_‡K †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi c‡¶ 26 gvP©
¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cÖ_g cvV K‡ib| †m wn‡k‡e wZwbB evsjv‡`‡ki
¯^vaxbZvi †NvlK| wKš‘ weGbwci `vweÑ ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlK wRqvDi
ingvb (hw`I RxeÏkvq wRqv wb‡R‡K KL‡bvB ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlK `vwe
K‡ibwb)| ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvi K…wZ‡Z¡i fvMvfvwM‡Z GgG nvbœvb
†h‡nZz wRqvDi ingv‡bi cÖavb cÖwZØ›Øx, †m‡nZz 2005 mv‡ji GwcÖj
gv‡m ZrKvjxb weGbwc miKvi GgG nvbœvb wegvbe›`‡ii bvg cvj‡U
†d‡j| bZzb bvg iv‡L kvn& AvgvbZ wegvbe›`i| GLb `y‡Uv QvÎvevm
_vK‡jI ZLb nvbœv‡bi bv‡g wegvbe›`i Qvov Avi wKQzB wQj bv|
wegvbe›`i †_‡K nvbœv‡bi bvg gy‡Q w`‡q weGbwc nvbœvb‡K BwZnvm
†_‡K wejyß K‡i w`‡Z †P‡qwQj|
weGbwci cÖwZôvZv wRqvDi ingvb GKRb ÔexiDËgÕ †LZvecÖvß
gyw³‡hv×v| †`‡k Suv‡K-Suv‡K exiDËg †bB| gvÎ AvUlwÆRb
gyw³‡hv×v GB †LZve cvIqvi †mŠfvM¨ AR©b K‡i‡Qb| wZwb gyw³hy‡×i
GKRb †m±i KgvÛviI| 1971 mv‡ji 26 I 27 gvP© †iwWI‡Z hviv

†iRvKvi mnevm 91
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi c‡¶ ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cvV K‡iwQ‡jb, wRqv
Zv‡`iI GKRb| wKš‘ †mbvcÖavb, cÖavb mvgwiK AvBbcÖkvmK ev
ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingv‡bi mv‡_ gyw³‡hv×v wRqvDi ingvb‡K †gjv‡bv
KóKi| GKvˇi wZwb †h-†`‡ki Rb¨ hy× K‡iwQ‡jb, Zvi
cuPvËicieZ©x Kg©KvÐ †mB †`‡ki †gŠwjK Av`‡k©i mv‡_ †Kv‡bvμ‡gB
mvgÄm¨c~Y© bv| weGbwc‡Z gyw³‡hv×viv †hgb wQ‡jb-Av‡Qb, †Zgwb
wQj hy×vcivax‡`iI Aeva Avbv‡Mvbv| weGbwc‡Z _vKv gyw³‡hv×v
†bZvivI Aek¨ hy×vcivax‡`i fvlvqB K_v e‡jb| wRqvDi ingvb‡K
wN‡i hy×vcivaxiv cÖvY wd‡i †c‡qwQj, cuPvËicieZ©xKv‡j wRqvDi
ingvb n‡q D‡VwQ‡jb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i Avkvfimvi †K›`ª¯’j|
gv‡qi †Kv‡j wkï †hgb wbivc`, wRqvI †Zgwb ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i
Rb¨ wbivc` K¬ve e‡b wM‡qwQ‡jb| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi we‡ivwaZv
Ki‡Z wM‡q wRqvDi ingvb KLb †h evsjv‡`‡kiB we‡ivax n‡q
D‡VwQ‡jb, Zv nq‡Zv wZwb wb‡RI †Ui cvbwb| wRqvDi ingvb I
Lv‡j`v wRqvi †R¨ô cyÎ Zv‡iK ingvbI evev-gv‡qi c`v¼B AbymiY
K‡i‡Qb| 2014 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i c~e© jÛ‡bi GK Av‡jvPbvmfvq
Zv‡iK †kL gywRe‡K Lywb, †iRvKvi, cvKeÜz I A‰ea ivóªcwZ e‡j
AvL¨v †`b Ges gywR‡ei gi‡YvËi wePvi nIqv DwPZ e‡j gšÍe¨
K‡ib|
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Lywb‡`i wePvie‡Ü cÖYxZ `vqgyw³ Aa¨v‡`k
msm‡` Aby‡gv`b, gywR‡ei Lywb‡`i‡K cyi¯‹…ZKiY, gywRe‡K BwZnvm
†_‡K gy‡Q †`Iqvi †Póv, `vjvj Av‡`k evwZj, Kvivew›` Awfhy³
hy×vcivax‡`i‡K †Q‡o †`Iqv, hy×vcivax‡`i †fvUvwaKvi I wbe©vP‡b
AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM wdwi‡q †`Iqv, ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ Db¥y³ K‡i
†`Iqvi gva¨‡g hy×vcivax‡`i msMVb¸‡jv‡K ivRbxwZ‡Z cybe©vmb,
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡`i‡K gš¿x-cÖavbgš¿x evbv‡bv I Ô¯^vaxbZv cyi¯‹viÕ
cÖ`vb, †Mvjvg AvRg‡K evsjv‡`‡k Avmvi wfmv †`Iqv Ges
†eAvBwbfv‡e eQ‡ii ci eQi †`‡k _vK‡Z †`Iqv, msweavb †_‡K
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv evwZj, ÔRq evsjv'i cwie‡Z© Ôevsjv‡`k wR›`vev`Õ‡KB
Avcb g‡b KivÑ GKRb gyw³‡hv×vi mv‡_ Gme Kg©KvÐ mvgÄm¨c~Y©
wK bv, †m wm×všÍ †bIqvi `vwqZ¡ cvV‡Ki| hy×vcivax‡`i msMVb
†iRvKvi mnevm 92
Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvwg‡K ¶gZvi Askx`vi Kiv, `yB kxl© Avj-e`i
†bZv‡K gwš¿Z¡cÖ`vb, Av‡iK ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡K w¯úKvi I ivóªcwZ
evbv‡bv, KzL¨vZ hy×vcivax‡K IAvBwmi gnvmwPe c‡` cÖwZØw›ØZv Kivi
AbygwZ †`Iqv Ges Zv‡K wb‡Ri Dc‡`óv evbv‡bv, kwn`Rbbxi bv‡g
ivóª‡`ªvn-gvgjv `v‡qi, †`‡ki ¯’cwZi nZ¨vKv‡Ði w`b wb‡Ri fzqv
Rb¥w`b cvjb, gyw³hy‡×i kwn`msL¨v wb‡q D‡Ïk¨g~jK weZ‡K©i
Rb¥`vb, kwn` eyw×Rxex‡`iK‡K wb‡e©va AvL¨v-`vb, cvKeÜz AvL¨v w`‡q
†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi gi‡YvËi wePvi PvIqvÑ Gme Kg©KvÐI
gyw³hy‡×i mc‡¶i †Kv‡bv `‡ji mv‡_ mvhyR¨c~Y© wK bv, †mB wm×všÍ
†bIqvi `vwqZ¡I cvV‡Ki| DwjøwLZ Kvh©Kjv‡ci mv‡_ m¤ú„³
e¨w³‡`i‡K ev Zv‡`i `j‡K gyw³hy‡×i mc‡¶i e‡j ¯^xK…wZ †`Iqvi
my‡hvM Av‡Q wK bvÑ †mB Dcmsnvi Uvbvi `vqI cvV‡Ki IciB
eZ©vq|
me †jLvi Dcmsnvi †h †jLKB Uvb‡eb, BwZnv‡mi me ivq †jLKB
†`‡ebÑ Ggb bv| wKQz Dcmsnvi cvVK‡KI Uvb‡Z nq, wKQz ivq
cvVK‡KI w`‡Z nq|

†iRvKvi mnevm 93
†iRvKvi mnevm 94
gyw³hy× ebvg ¯^vaxbZvhy× : `yiwfmwÜi wZjbKkv
29 AvM÷ 2023

Ôgyw³hy×Õ Avi Ô¯^vaxbZvhy×ÕÑ kã `y‡Uv cici D”PviY Ki‡j †Kv‡bv

cv_©K¨B Abyf‚Z nIqvi K_v bv| ÔRjÕ Avi ÔcvwbÕ †hgb ci¯ú‡ii
kZfvM mgv_©K, gyw³hy× Avi ¯^vaxbZvhyׇKI †m-iKg g‡b nIqv
¯^vfvweK| GB `yB kã‡K cvkvcvwk ivL‡j A_©MZfv‡e gvbmc‡U
†Kv‡bv RwUjZv ˆZwi nq bv, gw¯Í‡®‹ †Kv‡bv AvNvZ jv‡M bv, D‡`ªK
N‡U bv †Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi| wKš‘ kã؇qi gv‡S cÖMvp cv_©K¨ Av‡Q,
my‡KŠkj ivRbxwZ Av‡Q, Av‡Q BwZnvm †_‡K †ZBkUv eQi gy‡Q
†`Iqvi PvÂj¨Ki †Póv|
Ô¯^vaxbZvmsMÖvgÕ ej‡Z mvaviYZ ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ msNwUZ
msMÖvg‡K †evSvq| ¯^vaxbZvmsMÖvg mvgwiKI n‡Z cv‡i, n‡Z cv‡i
†emvgwiKI| Gi mv‡_ mvs¯‹…wZK, mvgvwRK ev A_©‰bwZK gyw³ RwoZ
bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i| GKUv ¯^vaxb miKvi _vK‡jB MocoZv wnkv‡e a‡i
†bIqv hvq †`kUv ¯^vaxb| ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ mvgwiK hy× Avek¨K bv|
webv hy‡×, Av‡jvPbv K‡i, Pzw³ mB K‡iI GKUv †`k ¯^vaxb n‡Z
cv‡i| 1947 mv‡ji 15 I 14 AvM÷ h_vμ‡g fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb
weª‡U‡bi KvQ †_‡K ¯^vaxb n‡q‡Q cÖZ¨¶ hy‡×i gva¨‡g bv, Pzw³i
gva¨‡g; hw`I fviZel©‡K ¯^vaxb Kivi Rb¨ wew”Qbœfv‡e †ekwKQz mk¯¿
hy× msNwUZ n‡q‡Q, †hgbÑ 1857 mv‡ji wmcvwn we‡`ªvn| weªwUkiv
Ôwmcvwn we‡`ªvnÕ e‡j AvL¨v w`‡jI IwU wQj fviZe‡l©i cÖ_g
¯^vaxbZvhy×| Pzw³i gva¨‡g †`k †Kej ¯^vaxbB nq bv, Ab¨ †`‡ki
mv‡_ wg‡k wM‡q civaxbI nq; †hgbÑ ¯^vaxb †`k wmwKg 1950 mv‡j
Pzw³i gva¨‡g fvi‡Zi A½ivR¨ n‡q hvq| KLbI-KLbI MY‡fv‡Ui
gva¨‡gI †`k ¯^vaxb n‡Z cv‡i| 1707 mvj ch©šÍ ¯‹Uj¨vÛ wQj
¯^vaxb| wKš‘ H eQi ¯‹Uj¨vÛ I Bsj¨vÛ GKxf‚Z n‡q Ô†MÖU weª‡UbÕ
bvg aviY K‡i (mv‡_ Avqvij¨vÛI hy³ nIqvi ci bvg nq BDbvB‡UW

†iRvKvi mnevm 95
wKsWg)| GKwesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi RbM‡Yi GKvsk
¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡i| BDbvB‡UW wKsWg (hy³ivR¨)
¯‹Uj¨v‡Û MY‡fv‡Ui Av‡qvRb K‡i| †fv‡Ui djvdjÑ 45 kZvsk
¯‹wUk g‡b K‡i‡Q ¯‹Uj¨v‡Ûi ¯^vaxb nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q, 55 kZvsk
g‡b K‡i‡Q ¯^vaxbZv wb®úª‡qvRb| d‡j, ¯‹Uj¨vÛ civaxbB †_‡K
†M‡Q| e„nËi wm‡jU fvi‡Zi mv‡_ hv‡e, bvwK c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi mv‡_Ñ
GB wm×všÍ †bIqvi Rb¨I wm‡j‡U 1947 mv‡ji 7 RyjvB MY‡fvU
n‡qwQj| wm‡jUevmx ZLb fvi‡Zi c‡¶ †M‡j GLb kÖxg½j-
weQbvKvw›`-gvaeKzÐ †h‡Z wfmv jvMZ| Ggb A‡bK †`k Av‡QÑ hviv
¯^vaxb nIqvi ciI c~e©Zb Jcwb‡ewkK iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †cvlY
K‡i| †hgbÑ A‡÷ªwjqv, wbD wRj¨vÛ, KvbvWvi g‡Zv kw³kvjx iv‡óª
miKvicÖavb _vK‡jI ivóªcÖavb †bB; GLbI GB iv󪸇jv
mvsweavwbKfv‡e ivóªcÖavb gv‡b weª‡U‡bi ivRv ev ivwb‡K| GB
†`k¸‡jv ¯^vaxb, wKš‘ gy³ bv| B‡”Q K‡iB Zviv kZfvM gy³ n‡”Q bv|
ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZvmn Av‡iv wewfbœ iK‡gi ¯^vaxbZv gyw³hy‡×i mv‡_
RwoZ; †hgbÑ mvs¯‹…wZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv| Av‡MB
D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡QÑ ¯^vaxbZvmsMÖvg ev ¯^vaxbZvhy× mvgwiKI n‡Z
cv‡i, n‡Z cv‡i †emvgwiKI| wKš‘ gyw³hy‡× mvgwiK hy× _vK‡eB,
_vK‡e `Lj`vi kw³i Kej †_‡K wb‡R‡`i f‚LЇK gy³ Kivi hy×;
mv‡_ _vK‡e ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK, A_©‰bwZK-mn Av‡iv bvbvb iKg
gyw³i hy×| gyw³hy‡× Av‡iv †hUv Aek¨¤¢vexfv‡e _vK‡eÑ Zv n‡jv
¯^vaxbZvi AvbyôvwbK †NvlYv| _vK‡e ¯’vqx ev AšÍZ A¯’vqx GKUv
miKvi| wdwjw¯Íb ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i‡Q, wbR¯^ miKvi Av‡Q, wewfbœ
†`‡k `~Zvevm Av‡Q, †ekwKQz †`‡ki ¯^xK…wZI Av‡Q| wdwjw¯Í‡bi mk¯¿
hy× Bmiv‡qwj `Lj`vi kw³i Kej †_‡K wb‡R‡`i‡K gy³ Kivi hy×|
wdwjw¯Í‡bi GB hy×Uv gyw³hy×| †ejywP¯ÍvbI †mB 1948 mvj †_‡K
cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K †ewi‡q wM‡q ¯^vaxb nIqvi Rb¨ mk¯¿ hy× K‡i hv‡”Q|
wKš‘ Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx †bZv †bB, ¯’vqx ev A¯’vqx miKvi †bB,
msweavb †bB| d‡j, †ejyP‡`i hyׇK gyw³hy× ejv P‡j bv, Zv‡`i hy×

†iRvKvi mnevm 96
eo‡Rvi ¯^vaxbZvhy×| cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi kw³i Kej †_‡K me©vZ¥K
mvgwiK-†emvgwiK hy‡× evsjv‡`k gvÎ bqgv‡m gy³ n‡q †M‡jI
wdwjw¯Íb ev †ejywP¯Ívb Zv cvi‡Q bv| wdwjw¯Íb-†ejywP¯Ívb j‡o hv‡”Q
hy‡Mi ci hyM a‡i, Avi KÕeQi ev‡` Zv‡`i jovB‡qi kZel© c~Y© n‡q
hv‡e| ejv n‡q _v‡KÑ cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi Kej †_‡K ¯^íZg
mg‡qi g‡a¨ gy³ n‡q hvIqvq evsjv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi GKUv D‡jøL‡hvM¨
Ask gyw³i gvnvZ¥¨ †ev‡Swb, K‡qK cÖRb¥ a‡i `Lj`vi mvgwiK
evwnbxi cÖZ¨¶ wbh©vZb mn¨ Ki‡j gy³ evsjv‡`‡k †Kv‡bv
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax be¨-†iRvKvi _vKZ bv, †KD GKvËi‡K ÔMЇMv‡ji
eQiÕ g‡b KiZ bv|
evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i‡Q 1971 mv‡ji 26 gvP©| (A¯’vqx)
miKvi MVb K‡i‡Q 10 GwcÖj, kc_ wb‡q‡Q 17 GwcÖj| 10 GwcÖj †h
Ô¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎÕ cÖYxZ nq, †mwUB wQj evsjv‡`‡ki A¯’vqx
msweavb; c~Y©v½ msweavb cÖYq‡bi AvM ch©šÍ H †NvlYvc·KB
msweavb Abyhvqx gvbv n‡q _v‡K| ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi AvM †_‡KB
evsjv‡`‡ki wbw`©ó GKUv cZvKvI wQj| 1971 mv‡ji 2 gvP© WvKmyi
ZrKvjxb wfwc Av m g Ave`yi ie XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eUZjvq
evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKv D‡Ëvjb K‡ib, †kL gywReyi ingvb avbgwÛi wbR
evmfe‡b evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKv Iovb 23 gvP©| 1971 mv‡ji 15
wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡ki mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wQj bv, ch©vß AvšÍR©vwZK
¯^xK…wZ wQj bv| wKš‘ AvbyôvwbKfv‡e evsjv‡`k wQj 26 gvP© †_‡KB
¯^vaxb| 26 ev 27 gvP© †_‡K evsjv‡`kf‚L‡Ð †h mk¯¿ hy×Uv n‡q‡Q;
†m-hy× ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ wQj bv, wQj B‡Zvg‡a¨B ¯^vaxb nIqv †`k‡K
cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi `Lj †_‡K gy³ Kivi hy×| †mB hy‡× weRq
AwR©Z n‡q‡Q 16 wW‡m¤^i| d‡j, 16 wW‡m¤^i evsjv‡`‡ki
¯^vaxbZvw`em bv, weRqw`em| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvw`em 16 wW‡m¤^i
bv, 26 gvP©| GKvˇii hyׇK Ô¯^vaxbZvhy×Õ ej‡j Gi AvBbvbyM A_©
`uvovqÑ 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ GB f‚LÐ Ôc~e© cvwK¯ÍvbÕB wQj, 10 GwcÖ‡ji
gywRebMi miKvi A‰ea, A¯’vqx msweavb A‰ea; †kL gywReyi ingvb,

†iRvKvi mnevm 97
ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g`, ˆmq` bRiæj Bmjvg I gyw³‡hv×viv ivóª‡`ªvnx|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g c~Yv© ½ msweavb Aby‡gvw`Z nq cÖ_g weRqw`e‡m,
1972 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i| †mB msweav‡bi ïiæ‡ZB, A_©vr cÖ¯Ívebvq,
ejv nqÑ ÔAvgiv, evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY, 1971 wLªóv‡ãi gvP© gv‡mi 26
Zvwi‡L ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Kwiqv RvZxq gyw³i Rb¨ HwZnvwmK msMÖv‡gi
gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k cÖwZwôZ KwiqvwQ|Õ
wKš‘ 1979 mv‡j msweav‡b cÂg ms‡kvabx Av‡bb ZrKvjxb ivóªcwZ
I mvgwiK kvmK wRqvDi ingvb| †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi nZ¨vKv‡Ði
wePvie‡Ü L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avn‡g‡`i RvwiK…Z Ô`vqgyw³ Aa¨v‡`kÕ-
Gi mvsweavwbK ¯^xK…wZ, Øv`k Aby‡”Q` †_‡K ag©wbi‡c¶Zv AcmviY,
ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZi Ici †_‡K wb‡lavÁv cÖZ¨vnvi, hy×vcivax‡`i
†fvUvwaKvi cybe©nvj-mn wRqvDi ingvb H ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g
msweav‡b Av‡iv GKUv m~²vwZm~² cwieZ©b Av‡bb| GB cwieZ©b Lye-
GKUv `„k¨gvbI bv, AvcvZ`„wó‡Z wbixnI| g‡b n‡eÑ wRqv GLv‡b
†m‡id GKUv cÖwZkã cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb, RvwZ‡K kãv_© wkwL‡q‡Qb|
wKš‘ GB mvgvb¨ cwieZ©‡bi cÖfve Amvgvb¨, D‡Ïk¨I my`~icÖmvix I
myMfxi| AvB‡bi QvÎ bv n‡j GB cwieZ©‡bi ZR©gv ai‡Z cviv AZ¨šÍ
`yiƒn|
cÂg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g wRqvDi ingvb kãMZ †h cwieZ©bwU
msweav‡b G‡bwQ‡jb, Zv n‡jvÑ DwjøwLZ cÖ¯Ívebvq wZwb Ôgyw³Õi
cwie‡Z© Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ Ges ÔmsMÖvgÕ-Gi cwie‡Z© Ôhy×Õ kãUv cÖwZ¯’vcb
K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡Z cy‡iv evK¨Uv `uvwo‡qwQjÑ ÔAvgiv, evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY,
1971 wLªóv‡ãi gvP© gv‡mi 26 Zvwi‡L ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Kwiqv RvZxq
¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ HwZnvwmK hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k cÖwZwôZ KwiqvwQ|Õ wRqvDi ingv‡bi cwiewZ©Z
msweavb Abyhvqx A_© `uvovqÑ GKvˇii hy× wQj ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨, A_P
evsjv‡`k (hy‡×i Av‡MB) 26 gvP© †_‡KB ¯^vaxb| wRqvDi ingv‡bi
GB msweavb-g‡Z 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ GB f‚LÐ Avm‡j c~e© cvwK¯ÍvbB
wQj, evsjv‡`k wQj bv| GLv‡b k‡ãi Av‡iv †`¨vZbv I hvZbv Av‡Q|

†iRvKvi mnevm 98
ÔHwZnvwmK hy×Õ ej‡j †Kej 26 gvP© †_‡K 16 wW‡m¤^‡ii mk¯¿
hyׇK †evSvq| wKš‘ cvwK¯Ív‡bi weiæ‡× Avgv‡`i msMÖvgUv ïay H
bqgv‡mi mk¯¿ msMÖvg wQj bv; †ZBk eQ‡ii (1947 †_‡K 1971)
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK msMÖvgI wQj| msweav‡b ÔHwZnvwmK
msMÖvgÕ bv e‡j ÔHwZnvwmK hy×Õ ej‡j H †ZBk eQ‡ii my`xN©
msMÖvgUv‡K †e‡Nv‡i A¯^xKvi Kiv nq| A¯^xKvi Kiv nq 1952-Gi
fvlv-Av‡›`vjb, 1954-Gi wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›Ui weRq, evsjv‡K 1956-
Gi msweav‡b Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡k‡e AšÍf©y³Ki‡Yi Av‡›`vjb,
1962-Gi wk¶v-Av‡›`vjb, 1966-Gi Qq `dv, 1968-Gi AvMiZjv
lohš¿gvgjv, 1969-Gi MYAfz¨Ìvb, 1970-Gi mvaviY wbe©vPb wKsev
1971-Gi 7 gvP©‡K| msweav‡b ÔHwZnvwmK hy×Õ K_vUv _vKvi c‡iv¶
A_© `uvovqÑ bqgv‡mi mvgwiK hy×Uv wfbMÖn †_‡K AvPgKv Avg`vwb
n‡q‡Q, Gi Av‡Mi `yB hy‡M Avi wKQzB N‡Uwb, 27 gvP© KvjyiNvU
†eZvi‡K›`ª †_‡K †NvlYvi gva¨‡g ÔHwZnvwmK hy×Õ ïiæ n‡q 16
wW‡m¤^i †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b Avwgi Ave`yjøvn Lvb wbqvwRi m`jej
AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q ÔHwZnvwmK hy×Õ †kl n‡q †M‡Q|
†Kv‡bv nVvr‡NvlYvi ga¨ w`‡q evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb ev kÎægy³ nqwb|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †cÖ¶vcU ˆZwii †cQ‡b wQj j¶ gvby‡li AvKÉ
AvZ¥Z¨vM, QvÎRbZvi Avcv`g¯ÍK Av‡›`vjb-msMÖvg, ivR‰bwZK
†bZ…e„‡›`i K‚U‰bwZK Kjv‡KŠkj I Kvivwbh©vZb‡fvM, wkíx-
mvwnwZ¨K‡`i eyw×e„wËK jovBmn Av‡iv A‡bK wKQz| wKš‘ mvgwiK
kvmK‡`i Kv‡Q Ime g~j¨nxb I AcÖvmw½K| mk¯¿ hy‡×i AskUzKzB
Zv‡`i Kv‡Q ¯^xK…wZ‡hvM¨; †h‡nZz †Kej IUzKzi mv‡_B Zviv
wb‡R‡`i‡K m¤ú„³ Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges K…wZ‡Z¡i fvM wb‡Z cv‡ib|
ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK msMÖv‡g †h‡nZz †mbvevwnbxi cÖZ¨¶ ms‡køl
_v‡K bv, †m‡nZz mvgwiK kvmK wRqvDi ingvb msweavb cvj‡U
Ôgyw³Õi cwie‡Z© Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ, ÔmsMÖvgÕ-Gi cwie‡Z© Ôhy×Õ muvwU‡q‡Qb|
cÖ¯Ívebvi A½xKvi-As‡k †h ÔRvZxq gyw³msMÖvgÕ K_vUv wQj; wRqv
†mUvI we`vq K‡i‡Qb, muvwU‡q‡Qb ÔRvZxq ¯^vaxbZvmsMÖvgÕ| GLv‡b

†iRvKvi mnevm 99
AZ¨šÍ ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ D‡jøL¨ †h, evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ÔcÖ¯ÍvebvÕ
†Kv‡bv Ae¯’vqB ms‡hvRb, cwieZ©b, cÖwZ¯’vcb, iwnZKiY ev Ab¨
†Kv‡bvfv‡e ms‡kvab Kiv hv‡e bv| wRqvDi ingvb GB mvsweavwbK
wb‡lavÁv Agvb¨ K‡i msweav‡bi cÖ¯Ívebv ms‡kvab K‡i‡Qb|
gyw³msMÖvg I ¯^vaxbZvmsMÖvg wb‡q GZ¶Y †h ZË¡ I Z_¨ nvwRi
Kijvg, Zv wbwe©l| Gevi welv³ Ask ïiæ Kiv hvK| GBUzKz j¶
Ki‡Z n‡e MfxiZg g‡bv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_| GB wnkve hvicibvB
m~²vwZm~²|
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q` 35(1)-G ejv n‡q‡QÑ ÔAciv‡ai
`vqhy³ Kvh©msNUbKv‡j ejer wQj, GBiƒc AvBb f½ Kwievi Aciva
Qvov †Kv‡bv e¨w³‡K †`vlx mve¨¯Í Kiv hvB‡e bv Ges Aciva-
msNUbKv‡j ejer †mB AvBbe‡j †h `Ð †`Iqv hvB‡Z cvwiZ,
Zvnv‡K Zvnvi AwaK ev Zvnv nB‡Z wfbœ `Ð †`Iqv hvB‡e bv|Õ A_©vr
evsjv‡`‡k, AvR‡Ki AvBb w`‡q MZKv‡ji Aciv‡ai wePvi Kiv hv‡e
bv, AvR‡Ki AvBb w`‡q wePvi Kiv hv‡e AvR‡K msNwUZ ev fwel¨‡Z
msNwUZe¨ Aciv‡ai| Av‡iv †Lvjvmv K‡i ej‡jÑ AZx‡Z †KD hw`
Ggb †Kv‡bv Aciva K‡i _v‡K, hvi wePvi Kivi g‡Zv AvBb ZLb wQj
bv; Zv n‡j bZzb K‡i AvBb evwb‡q Zvi †mB AZxZ Aciv‡ai wePvi
GLb Avi Kiv hv‡e bv| evsjv‡`‡k hy×vciva msNwUZ n‡q‡Q 1971
mv‡j, hy×vciv‡ai wePv‡ii Rb¨ Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ cvk Kiv n‡q‡Q
1972 mv‡j| Zv n‡j †`Lv hv‡”QÑ evnvˇii bZzb AvBb w`‡q
GKvˇii cy‡iv‡bv Aciv‡ai wePvi Ki‡j Zv msweav‡bi mv‡_
mvsNwl©K n‡q hv‡”Q| Gi d‡j, msweavb ms‡kvab Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv
†`q| 1973 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv ms‡kvabx G‡b
msweav‡b 47(3) Aby‡”Q` †hvM Kiv nq| †mLv‡b ejv nqÑ
MYnZ¨vRwbZ Aciva, gvbeZvwe‡ivax Aciva ev hy×vciv‡ai wePvi-
msμvšÍ †Kv‡bv AvBb msweav‡bi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K n‡j †mB AvBb evwZj
bv n‡q envj _vK‡e| A_©vr bZzb AvBb w`‡qI cy‡iv‡bv Aciv‡ai
wePvi Kiv hv‡e, hw` †mUv nq hy×vciva| †Kv‡bv bZzb AvBb w`‡q hw`

†iRvKvi mnevm 100

cy‡iv‡bv Aciv‡aiI wePvi Kiv hvq, Zv n‡j ejv n‡q _v‡KÑ bZzb
AvBbUvi f‚Zv‡c¶ Kvh©KvwiZv (†i‡Uªv‡¯úw±f B‡d±) Av‡Q|
hy×vcivax‡`i wePv‡ii Rb¨ 1972 mv‡j †h Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ cvk nq,
Zv wQj ïay G †`kxq `vjvj‡`i wePv‡ii Rb¨ cÖYxZ| cvwK¯Ívwb
hy×vcivax‡`i wePvi Kivi g‡Zv my‡hvM ev ¶gZv evsjv‡`‡ki wQj bv|
wb‡R‡`i hy×vcivax‡`i wePvi wb‡RivB Ki‡e e‡j cvwK¯Ívb Zv‡`i
hy×vcivax‡`i‡K ¯^‡`‡k wb‡q wM‡qwQj, wKš‘ cieZ©xKv‡j Avi wePvi
K‡iwb| hv †nvK, gyw³hyׇK hw` †Kv‡bvfv‡e Ô¯^vaxbZvhy×Õ e‡j
cÖwZwôZ K‡i †djv hvq Ges AvBbvbyM Dcv‡q hw` †Kv‡bvfv‡e cÖgvY
Kiv hvq †h, 1971 mv‡ji 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ GB f‚L‡Ði mevB
cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK wQj, evsjv‡`‡ki bv; Zv n‡j 1972 mv‡ji
Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ-Gi gva¨‡g G †`kxq `vjvj‡`i (†iRvKvi, Avj-e`i,
Avj-kvgm, kvwšÍ KwgwU) wePvi Kiv hvq bv, †Kbbv hy×vciva
msNUbKv‡j (26 gvP© †_‡K 15 wW‡m¤^i) Giv evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK
wQj bv, wQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK| Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ evsjv‡`k ev‡` Ab¨
†Kv‡bv †`‡ki Acivax‡`i wePv‡ii ¶gZv iv‡L bv| d‡j, `vjvj
Av‡`k ev hy×vcivax‡`i wePv‡ii Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k cÖYxZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
AvBb †Kv‡bv Kv‡RB Avm‡e bv|
Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ-Gi AvIZvq muvBwÎk nvRv‡ii †ewk Awfhy³ hy×vcivax
KvivMv‡i wQj| nZ¨v, jyÉb, AwMœms‡hvM, al©YÑ mywbw`©ófv‡e GB Pvi
Aciv‡ai mv‡_ m¤ú„³ bv-_vKv Avmvwg‡`i Rb¨ 1973 mv‡j ZrKvjxb
cÖavbgš¿x †kL gywReyi ingvb ÔmvaviY ¶gv'I †NvlYv K‡ib| ÔmvaviY
¶gvÕ †NvlYvi ciI GMv‡iv nvRv‡ii †ewk Awfhy³ hy×vcivax
KvivMv‡i wQj| wKš‘ 1975 mv‡ji 31 wW‡m¤^i mvgwiK Av‡`k-e‡j
wRqvDi ingvb Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ evwZj K‡i †`b, GB AvB‡bi Aaxb
ew›`‡`i‡K Kvivgy³ K‡i †`b, GgbwK GB AvB‡b `wÐZ‡`i‡KI
(752 Rb) wZwb gy³ K‡i †`b| fwel¨‡Z †KD hv‡Z Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ
cybiæ¾xweZ K‡i G †`kxq †`vmi‡`i wePvi Ki‡Z bv cv‡i; †mRb¨
wRqvDi ingv‡bi Avg‡j (1979 mv‡j) msweav‡bi cÖ¯Ívebvq

†iRvKvi mnevm 101

gyw³msMÖv‡gi RvqMvq Ô¯^vaxbZvmsMÖvgÕ ewm‡q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q, hv‡Z
ÔAciva msNUbKv‡j `vjvjiv evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK wQ‡jb bvÕ g‡g©
ARynvZ †`wL‡q duvK‡dvKi M‡j †Kv‡bvfv‡e mvRv Gwo‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
Gevi Avmv hvK welv³ As‡ki P~ovšÍ c‡e©| wRqvDi ingvb Ôgyw³hy×Õ-
†K Ô¯^vaxbZvhy×Õ evwb‡qB ¶všÍ nbwb| 1981 mv‡j wZwb AZ¨šÍ
Afvebxq GKUv †NvlYv †`b| Zv n‡jv 26 gvP© Ô¯^vaxbZvw`emÕ wn‡k‡e
cvwjZ bv n‡q ÔRvZxq w`emÕ bv‡g cvwjZ n‡e Ges 16 wW‡m¤^i
ÔweRqw`emÕ wn‡k‡e cvwjZ bv n‡q cvwjZ n‡e Ô¯^vaxbZvw`emÕ
wn‡k‡e| Gi my¯úó A_© n‡jvÑ GB f‚L‡Ði †jvKRb 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ
cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK wQj, 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ GB †`k cvwK¯ÍvbB wQj|
Gi d‡j 26 gv‡P©i ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv, 10 GwcÖj A¯’vqx miKviMVb
(gywRebMi miKvi) I ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ (A¯’vqx msweavb) cÖYqb,
17 GwcÖj A¯’vqx miKv‡ii kc_MÖnY A‰ea n‡q hvq; GKvˇii hy×Uv
gyw³hy× bv n‡q cwiYZ n‡q hvq wew”QbœZvev`x hy‡×| 1972 mv‡j †h
Ô`vjvj Av‡`kÕ cvk Kiv n‡qwQj; †mB AvBb Abyhvqx wePvi Kiv m¤¢e
wQj ïay †`kxq `vjvj‡`i, cvwK¯Ívwb hy×vcivax‡`i bv| evsjv‡`‡ki
Ô¯^vaxbZvw`emÕ hw` 16 wW‡m¤^i nq, Zv n‡j 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ GB
f‚L‡Ði mevB‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK e‡j MY¨ Ki‡Z nq| †m wn‡k‡e
15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ H `vjvjivI wQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi bvMwiK| Gi gv‡b
`uvovqÑ 1971 mv‡ji 15 wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ GB f‚L‡Ð msNwUZ
hy×vciv‡ai wePvi Kivi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k †Kv‡bv AvBbB ˆZwi Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv (†h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb w`‡q cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i wePvi Kiv
hvq bv)| fwel¨‡ZI †hb †KD G †`kxq hy×vcivax‡`i wePv‡ii Rb¨
AvBb ˆZwi bv cv‡i, wRqvDi ingvb †mRb¨ Ô¯^vaxbZvw`emÕ 26 gv‡P©i
e`‡j Ô16 wW‡m¤^iÕ cvjb Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| 1981 mv‡ji †g gv‡mB
wbnZ nIqvq wRqv 16 wW‡m¤^i GKeviI ¯^vaxbZvw`em cvjb K‡i
†h‡Z cv‡ibwb| H eQ‡ii 26 gvP© ÔRvZxq w`emÕ cvjb Kivq wZwb
e¨vcK cÖwZev‡`i gy‡LvgywL nb Ges †NvlYv †`bÑ c‡ii eQi †_‡K 26
gvP© ÔRvZxq w`emÕ wn‡k‡e cvwjZ bv n‡q Ô¯^vaxbZv I RvZxq w`emÕ

†iRvKvi mnevm 102

wn‡k‡e cvwjZ n‡e| GB Z_¨ wb‡qwQ mv‡eK Z_¨cÖwZgš¿x Aa¨vcK
Avey mvBwq‡`i Ô†Rbv‡ij wRqvi ivRZ¡Õ I mvsevw`K Av‡e` Lv‡bi
Ôloh‡š¿i Rv‡j wecbœ ivRbxwZÕ eB †_‡K|
A_©vr gyw³msMÖv‡gi RvqMvq ¯^vaxbZvmsMÖvg emv‡bv ev gyw³hy‡×i
RvqMvq ¯^vaxbZvhy× k‡ãi e¨envi mvaviY †Kv‡bv NUbv bv| mvaviY
†KD AÁZvekZ gyw³msMÖvg Avi ¯^vaxbZvmsMÖvg‡K ¸wj‡q Zv‡Z
`yiwfmwÜ †bB| wKš‘ AmvaviY †KD msweavb †K‡U-wQu‡o Ôgyw³msMÖvgÕ
DwV‡q wb‡q Ô¯^vaxbZvmsMÖvgÕ ewm‡q w`‡j GB cwieZ©b‡K Zz”Q fvevi
†Kv‡bv AeKvk †bB| GB cwieZ©‡bi g‡a¨ GKUv we‡kl ÔwmM‡bPviÕ
Av‡Q| msweavb †KD k‡Li e‡k cwieZ©b K‡i bv| GB
msweavbe¨e‡”Q` †Kv‡bv wew”Qbœ NUbv bv, eis wePv‡ii nvZ †_‡K
¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax †`vmi‡`i‡K i¶vKeP †`Iqvi GKUv wbiew”Qbœ
my`~icÖmvix `yiwfmwÜi wZj-bKkv| mn‡R aiv hvq bv e‡j Ges
AvcvZ`„wó‡Z wZjcwigvY weavq bKkvUv‡K bxjbKkv bv e‡j
wZjbKkv e‡j AwfwnZ Kijvg|

†iRvKvi mnevm 103

†iRvKvi mnevm 104