International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic E-ISSN: 2635-3040; P-ISSN: 2659-1561

Research Homepage: https://www.ijriar.com/

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Volume-8, Issue-8, August-2024: 37-48
International License [CC BY 4.0]

Research Article

Automated Fingerprint Identification System: Basis for Modernization

of the Identification and Records Division (IRD)
Lourdes Reyes Santos

Graduate School, Master of Science in Criminal Justice, Philippine College of Criminology, Philippines
Email: [email protected]

Received: August 02, 2024 Accepted: August 22, 2024 Published: August 29, 2024

Abstract
The significance of fostering peace and order for sustainable development is crucial, creating an
environment conducive to growth. Research in law enforcement highlights the technology gap faced by
developing nations dealing with terrorism, criminal activities, and transparency challenges. While
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) are globally recognized for their transformative impact
on criminal identification, their implementation at the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) in the
Philippines lags behind the Philippine National Police's (PNP) adoption. This study focuses on automating
the NBI's fingerprint identification system to modernize the Identification and Records Division (IRD)
through an explanatory sequential mixed method design, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses
with a focus on IRD employees. The assessment reveals the potential of AFIS in enhancing the NBI's
identification processes, database system management, and information accuracy, with overall mean scores
of 4.57 for the computerized identification process, 4.56 for the computerized database system, and 4.56 for
the accuracy and reliability of information, all indicating strong agreement. While AFIS offers benefits such
as error reduction and improved crime-solving capabilities, challenges like image quality dependency and
high implementation costs require attention. The proposed action plan, with an overall mean score of 4.66
(highly recommended), emphasizes budget allocation, IRD personnel training, and high-quality fingerprint
scanning techniques to facilitate successful AFIS integration. In conclusion, the study underscores the
potential benefits of AFIS in modernizing the NBI's identification processes, addressing challenges, and
enhancing efficiency in law enforcement operations. The proposed action plan, supported by high mean
scores, provides a structured framework for successfully implementing AFIS. Recommendations for
continuous training, strategic planning, and methodical execution aim to propel the modernization of the
NBI's identification and records division, ultimately improving criminal investigation and clearance issuance
capabilities.
Keywords: Fingerprint Technology, Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS), Law Enforcement
Technology, Peace and Order, Explanatory Sequential Mixed Method Design.

1. Introduction
The foundation of sustainable development hinges on maintaining peace, and order, and an efficient criminal
justice system to prevent loss of lives, property damage, and illegal activities like drug trafficking and
kidnapping (Santos, 2018). Governments worldwide must empower law enforcement agencies to ensure
public safety and security effectively. Law enforcement agencies globally face technological challenges in
combating terrorism, and crime, and promoting governance transparency while striving to provide effective
services to the public. Accurate individual identification is crucial for criminal apprehension and community
protection (Wolvaard, 2007). With rapid population growth in developing countries, the adoption of identity
management technologies becomes imperative to address terrorism, and crime, and manage population
growth while enhancing transparency. Fingerprint identification plays a pivotal role in tracking criminals
and facilitating processes like border control and license issuance (Santos, 2018). The evolution from manual
to digital fingerprint techniques has led to the development of automated fingerprint identification systems
(AFIS), streamlining fingerprint acquisition and matching processes for enhanced efficiency (Thales, 2023).
AFIS, utilizing digital imaging for biometric identification, has revolutionized criminal identification
processes globally (Thales, 2023). Integrating AFIS into the operations of the National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI) aligns with modernization efforts mandated by the NBI Reorganization and
37
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
Modernization Act of 2016, aiming to enhance crime investigation and clearance issuance (Thales, 2023).
This integration facilitates a higher volume of fingerprint checks, improving matching processes and overall
operational efficiency. While the Philippine National Police (PNP) has successfully implemented AFIS, the
NBI has yet to adopt this technology, despite its crucial investigative role (ph.nec.com).

The NBI's Identification and Records Division (IRD) currently operates a manual fingerprinting system,
hindering the efficient processing of clearance applicants and matching civilian fingerprints with criminal
records. The NBI Reorganization and Modernization Act of 2016 pave the way for modernizing NBI
operations through advanced equipment and forensic laboratories (Supreme Court E-Library, 2016). The
significance of the automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) in biometric identification technology
cannot be understated, with its evolution streamlining the fingerprint identification process and enhancing
public safety measures (Rouse, 2012). The study's framework is rooted in Section 4 (m) of Republic Act No.
10867, also known as the "National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) Reorganization and Modernization Act of
2016", mandating the establishment of a modern NBI Clearance and Identification Center encompassing
derogatory and criminal records, civilian identification records, identifying marks, characteristics, fingerprint
database, and dental records as per Presidential Decree No. 1575, titled "Requiring Practitioners of Dentistry
to Keep Records of Their Patients". This study aims to explore the automation of the fingerprint
identification system of the National Bureau of Investigation as a foundation for the modernization of its
identification and records division (IRD). Specifically, it seeks to address the following research questions:
How is the automation of the fingerprint identification system of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)
in terms of the computerized identification process; computerized database system; and accuracy and
reliability of information? What are the perceived advantages of automating the fingerprint identification
system of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) concerning the variables mentioned above? What are
the obstacles in automating the fingerprint identification system in the identification and records (IRD) of
the National Bureau of Investigation? What action plan can be developed to propose an AFIS section for the
modernization of fingerprint files and records at NBI?

2. Methodology
The study utilized an explanatory sequential mixed method design following the guidelines from Harvard
Catalyst (2023). The methodology involved a sequential process, beginning with quantitative data collection
and analysis, followed by qualitative data collection and analysis to assess the reliability and accuracy of the
automated fingerprint identification system. Quantitative research focuses on numerical data analysis using
statistical techniques, while qualitative research explores real-world issues to provide in-depth insights into
participants' experiences and perceptions. This comprehensive approach allowed for a thorough
understanding of the automation of the fingerprint identification system at the National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI) headquarters in Taft Avenue, Manila, for modernizing the identification and records
division (IRD).

The study population included NBI employees within the identification and records division, and data
collection adhered to the Bureau's Data Privacy Act through a convenient sampling scheme. Established in
1936, the NBI operates under the Department of Justice, handling major cases of national interest. The study
employed a self-structured survey questionnaire to address the automation of the fingerprint identification
system, its advantages, and hindrances in the NBI's identification and records. The methodology also
involved the validation of the instrument by experts in the automated fingerprint identification system
(AFIS) and the thesis adviser, ensuring the variables' clarity, objectivity, and relevance to the research
problem.

The data-gathering procedure included seeking permission, validating survey instruments, distributing and
collecting questionnaires, and analyzing results using a ranking method. The Explanatory sequential
design in data analysis integrated quantitative findings to guide qualitative exploration, with content and axial
coding used for data interpretation. Ethical considerations were paramount, with the researcher securing
permission from the PCCR's graduate studies department and participants, ensuring voluntary participation
and data confidentiality. The study was conducted without experimental interventions, and incomplete data
were excluded from analysis to uphold ethical standards and research integrity.

3. Results and Discussion

This study aimed to explore the automation of the fingerprint identification system of the National Bureau of
Investigation as a foundation for the modernization of its identification and records division (IRD),
addressing research questions on the automation process, advantages, obstacles, and proposing an action

38
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
plan for implementing an AFIS section for the enhancement of fingerprint files and records at NBI. The results
and their corresponding discussion are as follows:

3.1. AFIS in Terms of the Computerized Identification Process

Table 1 shows a notable consensus among respondents across all indicators concerning the computerized
identification process, signifying a high level of agreement throughout the study. The mean scores, ranging
from 4.43 to 4.79, consistently reflect a positive perception of the evaluated indicators. Specifically, efficiency
and timeliness received a mean score of 4.44, emphasizing the strong agreement on AFIS's proficiency in
swift and effective matching against a large database for timely responses. The identification process was
highly rated at 4.56, showcasing a firm agreement on AFIS's expertise in identifying criminal suspects.
Additionally, data processing scored 4.43, highlighting agreement on AFIS's effectiveness in processing
fingerprint images for characteristic information. The automated search achieved a mean score of 4.57,
indicating concurrence with AFIS's efficiency in searching databases for candidate matches. Furthermore,
positivity and reliability, scoring 4.57, underscored agreement on AFIS's provision of a positive and reliable
identity for suspects. Cost effectiveness obtained a notable mean score of 4.59, affirming consensus on AFIS's
potential for cost savings and enhanced identification processes. Moreover, technology advancement and
biometric integration received high scores of 4.43 and 4.71, respectively, indicating agreement on advanced
algorithms and multi-modal biometrics integration. Real-time identification scored the highest at 4.79,
reflecting strong agreement on AFIS's real-time identification capabilities. The overall mean of 4.57
encapsulates the collective sentiment of strong agreement, reflecting a positive perception of AFIS's efficacy
and efficiency in the study's evaluated aspects. The findings indicate a strong consensus on the effectiveness
of AFIS in enhancing various aspects of the computerized identification process, with consistently high mean
scores across all indicators. The positive reception of AFIS's capabilities, particularly in efficiency, timeliness,
and real-time identification, suggests that the system is well-regarded for its potential to modernize and
improve law enforcement operations.

Table 1. Computerized identification process of NBI’s AFIS.

Indicators Mean Descriptive interpretation
Real-time identification 4.79 Strongly agree
Biometric integration 4.71 Strongly agree
Identification process 4.56 Strongly agree
Cost effectiveness 4.59 Strongly agree
Automated search 4.57 Strongly agree
Positivity and reliability 4.57 Strongly agree
Efficiency and timeliness 4.44 Strongly agree
Data processing 4.43 Strongly agree
Technology advancement 4.43 Strongly agree
Overall mean 4.57 Strongly agree

These results are consistent with prior research by Santos (2018), Tubid (1996), and Rouse (2012), which
emphasize AFIS's crucial role in real-time identification and enhancing law enforcement processes. Looking
ahead, continued enhancements in AFIS are anticipated to further enhance the efficiency and accuracy of
identification processes for law enforcement agencies, ensuring improved outcomes in crime prevention and
investigation. Considering the National Bureau of Investigation’s status as the country’s premier
investigative agency, the adoption of AFIS is expected to significantly aid in combating criminal activities due
to its real-time identification capabilities in identifying reliable and accurate matches of fingerprints under
scrutiny. This capability may contribute to the swift response of law enforcement to criminal activities and
improve the overall identification process, thereby offering a positive and dependable identification of
criminal suspects, as evidenced by the respondents’ feedback.

3.2. AFIS in Terms of a Computerized Database System

In table 2, the mean scores for each indicator, ranging from 4.34 to 4.71, reflect a high level of agreement and
positive perception toward the functionalities of the automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS)
evaluated in terms of computerized database system. Specifically, the indicators of data storage, security
procedures, fingerprint matching, history information, real-time identification, centralized database
creation, accuracy in identification, criminal record management, and scalability all received mean scores
indicating a strong consensus and a high degree of agreement among respondents, with ratings falling within
the "strongly agree" category. While the indicator of information accuracy scored slightly lower at 4.34, it
still falls within the "agree" category, indicating that respondents generally agreed with the system's
39
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
information accuracy. The overall mean of 4.56 further supports the collective sentiment of strong agreement
across all indicators, highlighting the positive perception toward the effectiveness and efficiency of AFIS in
various aspects assessed in the study.

Table 2. Computerized database system of NBI’s AFIS.

Indicators Mean Descriptive interpretation
Centralized database creation 4.71 Strongly agree
Security procedures 4.64 Strongly agree
Scalability 4.64 Strongly agree
Criminal record management 4.61 Strongly agree
Real-time identification 4.60 Strongly agree
Accuracy in identification 4.56 Strongly agree
Data storage 4.54 Strongly agree
Fingerprint matching 4.46 Strongly agree
History information 4.46 Strongly agree
Information accuracy 4.34 Agree
Overall mean 4.56 Strongly agree

The results affirm AFIS's effectiveness in centralizing fingerprint databases, maintaining database security,
and accurately identifying individuals based on fingerprints, further enhancing collaboration and
information sharing among law enforcement agencies for efficient crime prevention and investigation. The
study also revealed that the NBI’s current database falls short of the capabilities of AFIS. Automating the AFIS
is expected to enhance the database system for both criminals and non-criminals, aligning with Santos’s
(2018) findings on AFIS’s ability to manage a substantial number of records for national or international
identification systems.

The evolution of AFIS technology has extended its applications beyond law enforcement to various
government and private entities due to heightened security concerns. AFIS not only enables law enforcement
to conduct a larger volume of fingerprint checks but also plays a crucial role in comparing latent prints with
known suspects’ fingerprints. Developed in response to the need for efficient fingerprint identification in the
late 1960s and early 1970s, AFIS has become a vital tool in biometric identification. The system’s highly
automated workflow processes and scalability make it adaptable to databases of varying sizes. Studies have
shown AFIS’s effectiveness in achieving high recognition rates and its significance in criminal and disaster
victim identification. The theoretical framework of the study is based on the advantages of AFIS in
modernizing the NBI Clearance and Identification Center as mandated by Republic Act No. 10867, emphasizing
the system’s role in computerized identification, database systems, and information accuracy.

3.3. AFIS in Terms of Reliability and Accuracy of Information

Table 3. Reliability and accuracy of NBI’s AFIS.

Indicators Mean Descriptive interpretation
Timeliness and accuracy of information 4.71 Strongly agree
Interfacing capability 4.64 Strongly agree
Crime statistics accuracy 4.63 Strongly agree
Global success track record 4.57 Strongly agree
Reliability and accuracy 4.49 Strongly agree
Operational consistency 4.49 Strongly agree
Consistency in results 4.46 Strongly agree
Centralized data management 4.46 Strongly agree
Overall mean 4.56 Strongly agree

In table 3, the mean scores for each indicator, ranging from 4.46 to 4.71, demonstrate a high level of
agreement and positive perception towards the functionalities of the automated fingerprint identification
system (AFIS) evaluated according to reliability and accuracy. Specifically, indicators such as crime statistics
accuracy, timeliness and accuracy of information, interfacing capability, and global success track record all
received mean scores indicating a strong consensus and a high degree of agreement among respondents,
falling within the "strongly agree" category. Additionally, indicators such as reliability and accuracy,
consistency in results, operational consistency, and centralized data management also scored positively,

40
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
further reinforcing the strong agreement and positive perception towards the various aspects of AFIS
functionality. The overall mean of 4.56 supports the collective sentiment of strong agreement across all
indicators, reflecting a positive perception toward the reliability, accuracy, and operational efficiency of AFIS
in the study's evaluation. AFIS's success in providing accurate statistics, timely information on criminals, and
maintaining a worldwide track record underscores its effectiveness in ensuring consistent and reliable
identification results. The centralized storage of fingerprint data by AFIS contributes to reliability by
ensuring up-to-date and consistent records.

Overall, the results affirm AFIS's credibility and efficiency in providing accurate information for law
enforcement purposes. Respondents emphasized AFIS's crucial role in timely and accurate identification,
leading to swift investigation resolutions. Santos (2018) also confirmed AFIS's consistent and reliable
performance, surpassing human operators in the identification process.

The evolution of AFIS technology has broadened its applications beyond law enforcement to various
government and private entities due to heightened security concerns. AFIS’s capacity to conduct a larger
volume of fingerprint checks, particularly in comparing latent prints with known suspects’ fingerprints,
represents a significant advancement. Developed in response to the demand for efficient and precise
fingerprint identification in the late 1960s and 1970s, AFIS has become a crucial tool in biometrics
identification, with leading countries like the United States and Japan spearheading research into automated
fingerprint identification systems. Moreover, AFIS interfaces offer automated workflow processes and
scalable systems capable of managing databases of varying sizes. Studies have showcased AFIS’s
effectiveness in achieving high recognition rates and its vital role in criminal and disaster victim
identification. The study’s theoretical framework centers on establishing a modern NBI Clearance and
Identification Center by Republic Act No. 10867, highlighting AFIS’s advantages in computerized
identification, database systems, and information accuracy.

3.4. Perceived Advantages of NBI’s AFIS in Terms of Computerized Identification Process

Table 4 illustrates the perceived advantages of the computerized identification process of NBI's AFIS. The
mean scores for each indicator, ranging from 4.46 to 4.71, demonstrate a high level of agreement and
positive perception toward the perceived advantages of the AFIS system evaluated in the study. Each
indicator received a rating falling within the "strongly agree" category, indicating a strong consensus among
respondents regarding the benefits of the computerized identification process.

Specifically, indicators such as minimization of human error, accuracy in fingerprint analysis, and database
management garnered the highest mean scores, with ratings of 4.71, 4.63, and 4.64, respectively,
emphasizing the strong agreement on the effectiveness and efficiency of the AFIS system in these aspects.
Other indicators such as swift identification, quick retrieval, crime prevention, forensic investigations, and
automation efficiency also received high mean scores, further reinforcing the positive perception towards
the advantages offered by the computerized identification process of NBI's AFIS. The overall mean of 4.56
across all indicators signifies a collective sentiment of strong agreement among respondents, reflecting the
positive perception towards the advantages and benefits provided by the AFIS system in enhancing the
identification processes at the National Bureau of Investigation. The top-rated items emphasize AFIS's ability
to quickly compare fingerprints, analyze intricate patterns with high accuracy, manage large databases,
facilitate rapid record retrieval, and contribute to crime prevention through swift identification of individuals
with criminal histories. AFIS's pivotal role in law enforcement and forensic investigations streamlines
identification and comparison processes, ultimately reducing manual labor and time-consuming tasks.

Table 4. Perceived advantages of the computerized identification process of NBI’s AFIS.

Indicators Mean Descriptive interpretation
Swift identification 4.49 Strongly agree
Minimization of human error 4.71 Strongly agree
Database management 4.64 Strongly agree
Accuracy in fingerprint analysis 4.63 Strongly agree
Quick retrieval 4.57 Strongly agree
Forensic investigations 4.49 Strongly agree
Crime prevention 4.46 Strongly agree
Automation efficiency 4.46 Strongly agree
Overall mean 4.56 Strongly agree

41
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
These results affirm the reliability and efficiency of AFIS in optimizing the computerized identification
process for various applications, including law enforcement and immigration. The implementation of AFIS is
anticipated to greatly benefit NBI investigators by providing an accurate and efficient system, leading to
quicker resolutions for assigned cases. These findings align with Santos's (2018) research, highlighting AFIS's
automation in the computerized identification processes that eliminates human fatigue and biases, ensuring
consistent and reliable outcomes. AFIS's proficiency in managing extensive fingerprint databases further
enhances its effectiveness in identification processes. The evolution and significance of AFIS technology
extend beyond law enforcement to various government and private sectors, addressing escalating security
concerns (Rouse, 2012). Notable advancements in biometric identification are evident in AFIS's capability to
handle a larger volume of fingerprint checks, especially in comparing latent prints with known suspects
(Santos, 2018). Additionally, AFIS interfaces offer automated workflow processes and scalable systems that
can manage databases of varying sizes (NEC, 2015). The critical role of AFIS in criminal and victim
identification, with high recognition rates, is supported by research. Emphasizing the benefits of AFIS in
computerized identification, database systems, and information accuracy, the study’s theoretical framework
underscores the necessity of establishing a modern NBI Clearance and Identification Center as mandated by
Republic Act No. 10867 (Tubid, 1996; Rouse, 2012; Santos, 2018).

3.5. Perceived Advantages of NBI’s AFIS in Terms of Computerized Database System

Table 5 reveals the perceived advantages of the computerized database system of NBI's AFIS. The mean
scores for each indicator, ranging from 4.34 to 4.71, demonstrate a high level of agreement and positive
perception towards the perceived advantages of the AFIS system evaluated in the study. Each indicator
received a rating falling within the "strongly agree" category, indicating a strong consensus among
respondents regarding the benefits of the computerized database system.

Specifically, indicators such as assistance in forensic analysis and reduction of human error garnered the
highest mean scores, with ratings of 4.71 and 4.54, respectively, emphasizing the strong agreement on the
effectiveness and efficiency of the AFIS system in these aspects. Other indicators such as role in crime solving,
efficient data storage and retrieval, precision in matching algorithms, and cost savings also received high
mean scores, further reinforcing the positive perception towards the advantages offered by the computerized
database system of NBI's AFIS.

The overall mean of 4.51 across all indicators signifies a collective sentiment of strong agreement among
respondents, reflecting the positive perception towards the benefits and advantages provided by the AFIS
system in enhancing the database management processes at the National Bureau of Investigation.

Table 5. Perceived advantages of the computerized database system of NBI’s AFIS.

Indicators Mean Descriptive interpretation
Assistance in forensic analysis 4.71 Strongly agree
Reduction of human error 4.54 Strongly agree
Role in crime solving 4.53 Strongly agree
Efficient data storage and retrieval 4.51 Strongly agree
Precision in matching algorithms 4.40 Strongly agree
Cost savings 4.34 Strongly agree
Overall mean 4.51 Strongly agree

The top-rated items emphasize AFIS's advanced matching algorithms, its significant contribution to crime-
solving through fingerprint matching, the automation that reduces human error, the efficiency in storing and
retrieving fingerprint data, and its support to forensic experts in analyzing latent fingerprints. The potential
cost savings of AFIS in streamlining processes and reducing manual labor in fingerprint analysis are also
acknowledged.

The study further highlights that a larger database system enables quicker comparison of fingerprints,
expediting the elimination process in criminal investigations. These findings are consistent with Dror's
(2009) assertion that AFIS plays a crucial role in crime-solving by matching fingerprints from crime scenes
with those in criminal databases, while also reducing the potential for human error in the identification
process. AFIS's capabilities in enhancing forensic analysis and expediting crime-solving processes
underscore its vital role in modern investigative practices. Specifically, indicators such as assistance in
forensic analysis and reduction of human error garnered the highest mean scores, with ratings of 4.71 and
4.54, respectively, emphasizing the strong agreement on the effectiveness and efficiency of the AFIS system in
42
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
these aspects. Other indicators such as role in crime solving, efficient data storage and retrieval, precision in
matching algorithms, and cost savings also received high mean scores, further reinforcing the positive
perception towards the advantages offered by the computerized database system of NBI's AFIS.

The overall mean of 4.51 across all indicators signifies a collective sentiment of strong agreement among
respondents, reflecting the positive perception towards the benefits and advantages provided by the AFIS
system in enhancing the database management processes at the National Bureau of Investigation.

The top-rated items emphasize AFIS's advanced matching algorithms, its significant contribution to crime-
solving through fingerprint matching, the automation that reduces human error, the efficiency in storing and
retrieving fingerprint data, and its support to forensic experts in analyzing latent fingerprints. The potential
cost savings of AFIS in streamlining processes and reducing manual labor in fingerprint analysis are also
acknowledged. The study further highlights that a larger database system enables quicker comparison of
fingerprints, expediting the elimination process in criminal investigations. These findings are consistent with
Dror's (2009) assertion that AFIS plays a crucial role in crime-solving by matching fingerprints from crime
scenes with those in criminal databases, while also reducing the potential for human error in the
identification process. AFIS's capabilities in enhancing forensic analysis and expediting crime-solving
processes underscore its vital role in modern investigative practices.

3.6. Perceived Advantages of NBI’s AFIS in Terms of Accuracy and Reliability of Information

Table 6. Perceived advantages of the accuracy and reliability of information of NBI’s AFIS.
Indicators Mean Descriptive interpretation
Flexible search options 4.56 Strongly agree
Standardized algorithms 4.54 Strongly agree
Historical data storage 4.43 Strongly agree
Integration into criminal justice systems 4.40 Strongly agree
Quick processing of large databases 4.36 Strongly agree
Legal acceptance of results 4.29 Strongly agree
Overall mean 4.43 Strongly agree

Table 6 indicates the perceived advantages of the accuracy and reliability of information from NBI's AFIS.
The mean scores for each indicator, ranging from 4.29 to 4.56, indicate a high level of agreement and positive
perception toward the accuracy and reliability of information provided by the AFIS system evaluated in the
study. Each indicator received a rating falling within the "strongly agree" category, showcasing a strong
consensus among respondents regarding the benefits of the system.

Specifically, indicators such as flexible search options and standardized algorithms received high mean
scores, with ratings of 4.56 and 4.54, respectively, emphasizing the strong agreement on the system's
capability to provide flexible search options and utilize standardized algorithms effectively. Other indicators
such as historical data storage, quick processing of large databases, integration into criminal justice systems,
and legal acceptance of results also received favorable mean scores, further reinforcing the positive
perception towards the accuracy and reliability of information provided by the AFIS system.

The overall mean of 4.43 across all indicators signifies a collective sentiment of strong agreement among
respondents, reflecting the positive perception towards the accuracy and reliability of information
facilitated by the AFIS system at the National Bureau of Investigation. The top-rated items underscore
AFIS's adaptability in search options, integration into larger criminal justice systems for seamless data
sharing, storage and retrieval of historical fingerprint data, quick processing of large fingerprint databases
for swift identification, and the use of standardized algorithms for accuracy and error reduction. The
overall mean score of 4.43 indicates strong agreement with the effectiveness and reliability of AFIS in
providing precise and trustworthy information for diverse applications, including law enforcement and
forensic analysis. Respondents highlighted AFIS's significant advantage in enabling searches for potential
matches even with suboptimal fingerprint image quality, a task that manual processes struggle to
accomplish effectively. With advanced fingerprint recognition algorithms, AFIS can efficiently and accurately
match fingerprints against extensive databases, establishing it as a preferred tool for law enforcement
agencies and various sectors. This observation aligns with Santos's (2018) assertion that AFIS has notably
enhanced crime- solving capabilities, enabling rapid searches of vast databases. The operational workflow
involves matching prints, latent prints, and unresolved fingerprints, streamlining investigative procedures,
43
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
and augmenting forensic capabilities. The integration of AFIS across solution boundaries offers highly
automated workflow processes, further solidifying its utility in multiple sectors.

3.7. Assessment of the Hindrances in the Automation of the Fingerprint Identification System
Table 7 displays the perceived hindrances of the automation of the fingerprint identification system (FIS).
The mean scores for each indicator, ranging from 4.29 to 4.71, suggest a strong level of agreement and shared
concern regarding the challenges associated with the automation of the FIS system. Each indicator received a
rating falling within the "strongly agree" category, indicating a consensus among respondents on the
identified hindrances.

Specifically, indicators such as dependency on image quality and cost of implementation received the highest
mean scores, with ratings of 4.71 and 4.57, respectively, highlighting the significant impact of image quality
and costs on the successful automation of the FIS. Resource intensiveness and privacy and security
challenges also received high mean scores, emphasizing the perceived challenges related to managing
resources and ensuring data privacy and security in the automated system. The indicator of need for
trained personnel, while slightly lower in the mean score at 4.29, still indicates a strong agreement on the
importance of skilled personnel for effective FIS operation.

Table 7. Perceived hindrances of the automation of the FIS.

Indicators Mean Descriptive interpretation
Dependency on image quality 4.71 Strongly agree
Cost of implementation 4.57 Strongly agree
Resource intensiveness 4.54 Strongly agree
Need for trained personnel 4.29 Strongly agree
Privacy and security challenges 4.46 Strongly agree
Overall mean 4.51 Strongly agree

The overall mean of 4.51 across all indicators signifies a collective sentiment of strong agreement among
respondents, reflecting the acknowledgment of the hindrances associated with the automation of the
fingerprint identification system. These results underscore the importance of addressing these challenges to
ensure the successful implementation and operation of the automated FIS system.

Respondents highlight the crucial role of image quality in influencing the accuracy of AFIS, underscoring the
impact of poor-quality images on identification precision. Additionally, the recognition of the potential
expenses and resource intensiveness in implementing and maintaining an automated fingerprint
identification system underscores the strategic financial planning required for such technologies. The
proficient use of FIS necessitates skilled technical personnel well-versed in the technology and its
operational boundaries. These insights align with Dror's (2009) research, suggesting that the utilization of
large databases and the execution of multiple comparisons demand adaptations and adjustments in the
threshold criteria for identification, emphasizing the evolving nature of identification processes in forensic
contexts.

3.8. Measures or Action Plan Proposing AFIS Section for the Modernization of Fingerprint Files and
Records of NBI

Table 8. Measures or action plan.

Indicators Mean Descriptive interpretation
Training prioritization 4.71 Highly recommended
Budget allocation 4.71 Highly recommended
Quality assurance in equipment 4.57 Highly recommended
Personnel hiring 4.54 Highly recommended
Establishment of identification center 4.50 Highly recommended
Training and qualification requirements 4.43 Highly recommended
Facility improvement 4.34 Highly recommended
Compliance with data standards 4.34 Highly recommended
Legal and ethical compliance 4.34 Highly recommended
System auditing 4.34 Highly recommended
Overall mean 4.55 Highly recommended

44
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
The top 5 results in Table 8 highlight crucial recommendations for the National Bureau of Investigation
(NBI) to enhance its Identification and Records Division (IRD) through the implementation of the
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). The highest- rated recommendations include the
allocation of budget for AFIS equipment procurement (4.71), prioritizing AFIS training for IRD personnel
(4.71), ensuring high-quality fingerprint scanning standards (4.57), establishing a modern NBI
identification center (4.5), and hiring additional AFIS experts (4.54). These recommendations emphasize
the importance of investing in technology, training, and infrastructure to modernize and improve the
efficiency of the IRD.

The top five items with the highest mean scores highlight the importance of budget allocation for AFIS
equipment, hiring additional expert personnel, requiring necessary criminology degree for existing staff,
prioritizing AFIS training for IRD personnel, and establishing a state-of-the-art network of equipment and
facilities to enhance the IRD and comply with the NBI Modernization Act. The item with the lowest mean
recommends ensuring compliance with legal and ethical standards in the use and release of personal
information. The overall mean score of 4.55 indicates a strong recommendation for the proposed measures
to automate the NBI's fingerprint system effectively.

Usmani et al., (2013) discussed the increasing utility and cost-effectiveness of fingerprint identification
systems, emphasizing the importance of budget allocation to meet technical challenges. The study's results
echo the need for agencies to allocate funds for AFIS equipment procurement. This aligns with the evolution
of AFIS technology, which has expanded beyond law enforcement to address security concerns. AFIS's
efficiency in conducting rapid and accurate fingerprint checks, as well as its continuous development to
enhance identification accuracy, are key points highlighted in the study. Additionally, the study underscores
the pivotal role of AFIS in law enforcement operations, as recognized by the Philippine National Police,
emphasizing its significance in criminal identification and disaster victim identification. The alignment of
these proposed measures with the recommendations from Usmani et al., (2013) and the practical
applications within law enforcement further solidify the importance of investing in AFIS technology for
efficient and reliable fingerprint identification processes.

3.9. Proposed Action Plan for the Establishment of an Automated Fingerprint System (AFIS) within
the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI)

Table 9. Proposed action plan.

Objective/goal Establishment of AFIS in the National Bureau of Investigation
Implementation strategies Time frame Responsible agency/office Estimated budget
1. Allocation of budget/ From May NBI: Directorial staff Phase 1:
funding 2024 to May (including budget officers) 500,000,000.00
2030 Phase 2:
Identification and records 500,000,000.00
division Phase 3:
500,000,000.00
Phase 4:
500,000,000.00
2. Provision of international From May Registered criminologist 1,500,000.00
and national seminars, 2024 to May Investigators AFIS experts
trainings, workshops about 2030
AFIS
3. Inter-agency collaboration From May FBI PNP 500,000.00
2024 to May Bureau of immigration
2030 among others
4. Employment of registered From May NBI 6,700,000.00
criminologists 2024 to May Human resource
2030 management division
(HRMD)
5. Acquisition of modern From May NBI budget division 50,000,000.00
equipment (e.g., fingerprint 2024 to May Procurement
kit, scanners, printers, copiers, 2030 Management division office
and other state of the art of the comptroller service
equipment)

45
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
To achieve the goal of establishing AFIS, the action plan includes several key implementation strategies.
These strategies encompass a comprehensive budget allocation totaling PHP 2 billion over four (4) phases
from May 2024 to May 2030. The responsible allocation of sources is crucial for the successful
implementation of the AFIS project, with specific responsibilities assigned to key personnel within the NBI,
including the Director, Directorial Staff, Budget Officers, and the IRD. Additionally, training initiatives are
planned for criminologists, investigators, and AFIS experts, with an estimated budget of PHP 1.5 million
allocated to ensure the workforce is equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to operate the AFIS
effectively. This is spearheaded by the IRD in coordination with the NBI Training Division and the Assistant
Director of the Human Resource Management Service (OADHRMS).

Moreover, the action plan emphasizes inter-agency collaboration as vital to the project’s success.
Collaboration with external entities such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Philippine National
Police (PNP), and other relevant agencies is planned to enhance information sharing, coordination, and joint
efforts in combating crime effectively. The budget allocation for inter-agency collaboration is set at PHP
500,000 to facilitate seamless cooperation and communication among law enforcement bodies. Additionally,
the recruitment of skilled professionals is prioritized, with an estimated budget of PHP 6.7 million
earmarked for hiring registered criminologists to support the implementation and operation of the AFIS.
Furthermore, equipment acquisition is critical to the action plan to ensure the AFIS operates efficiently. The
NBI Budget Division is tasked with procuring modern equipment necessary for the AFIS, with an estimated
budget of PHP 50 million allocated for this purpose. This investment in advanced technology and equipment
is essential to enhance the NBI’s operational capabilities and improve crime-solving efficiency. The
discussion aligns with the evolution of AFIS technology and its expansion beyond law enforcement to
address security concerns. AFIS’s ability to conduct efficient fingerprint checks and its development in
response to the need for accurate identification are key points emphasized in the study. Additionally, the
importance of AFIS in law enforcement operations, as highlighted by the PNP, underscores the system’s
significance in criminal identification and disaster victim identification. The study’s results echo the need for
agencies to allocate funds for AFIS equipment procurement. Usmani et al., (2013) discussed the increasing
utility and cost-effectiveness of fingerprint identification systems, emphasizing the importance of budget
allocation to meet technical challenges.

Overall, the meticulous planning and phased approach outlined in the action plan aims to ensure the
successful implementation of the AFIS platform at the NBI, leading to strengthened law enforcement
capabilities and enhanced crime-solving efficiency.

4. Conclusions and Recommendations

The study on the automation of the fingerprint identification system at the National Bureau of Investigation
(NBI) has revealed significant positive outcomes. The Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
demonstrated excellence in both the computerized identification process and the computerized database
system, showcasing capabilities such as real-time identification, multi-modal biometrics integration, and
centralized fingerprint databases.

Additionally, AFIS has improved law enforcement operations by providing timely and accurate criminal
information, contributing to enhanced efficiency and accuracy in criminal investigations. The perceived
advantages of automating the system cover critical areas like reducing human error, managing extensive
databases, supporting forensic analysis, and enhancing information retrieval accuracy through versatile
search options and standardized algorithms.

The study offers several key recommendations to enhance the capabilities of the National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI) through the integration of Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)
technology. Building on the positive outcomes observed, it is recommended to further embed AFIS into the
NBI's operational processes to improve crime-solving capabilities and boost law enforcement efficiency.

To fully realize the benefits of AFIS, continuous training for Identification and Records Division (IRD)
personnel is essential, with a focus on reducing human error, enhancing database management skills, and
optimizing the accuracy of information retrieval.

Strategic planning should address challenges such as image quality dependency, system costs, and the
resource-intensive nature of database management, with the goal of streamlining processes and
identifying cost-effective solutions. Additionally, the implementation of the proposed action plan for

46
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research
modernizing fingerprint files and records at the NBI is critical. This should include prioritizing adequate
training and quality assurance in fingerprint scanning techniques to enhance investigative services and align
with global standards, ultimately positioning the NBI as a leading investigative institution.

Declarations
Acknowledgments: The researcher extends heartfelt gratitude to numerous individuals for their guidance,
understanding, and support in the successful completion of this research endeavor. Special appreciation is
expressed to the Lord Jesus for the spiritual guidance and bestowed abilities throughout the thesis process.
The author acknowledges Dr. Dennis Delos Santos Lagumen, the thesis adviser, for invaluable guidance and
unwavering support, without which this work would not have been possible. Gratitude is also extended to
Dr. Jezreel B. Vicente, Dr. Imelda C. Runas, and Dr. Ambrosio P. Detran for their essential feedback and
guidance that significantly contributed to the development of the thesis. The author acknowledges the
Philippine College of Criminology-Graduate School for providing a conducive academic environment. Heartfelt
thanks are extended to family, friends, and the NBI family for their unwavering support, love, and guidance.
Lastly, the author expresses gratitude to all participants who generously contributed their time and insights by
responding to questionnaires, amidst their busy schedules.
Author Contribution: The author confirms sole responsibility for the following: study conception and
design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of results, and manuscript preparation.
Conflict of Interest: The author declares no conflict of interest.
Consent to Publish: The author agrees to publish the paper in International Journal of Recent Innovations
in Academic Research.
Data Availability Statement: The data presented in this study are available on request from the
corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to privacy.
Funding: This research received no external funding.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in this study.
Research Content: The research content of manuscript is original and has not been published elsewhere.

References
1. Dror, I.E. 2009. On proper research and understanding of the interplay between bias and decision
outcomes. Forensic Science International, 191: 17-18.
2. Harvard Catalyst. 2023. Basic mixed methods research designs. Harvard University.
https://catalyst.harvard.edu/education/courses/mixed-methods/
3. NEC. 2015. NEC implements new automated fingerprint identification system for the Philippine national
police. https://www.nec.com/en/press/201507/global_20150722_02.html
4. Republic Act No. 10867, June 23, 2016. An act reorganizing and modernizing the national bureau of
investigation (NBI), and providing funds therefor. Retrieved from
https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/thebookshelf/showdocs/2/67908
5. Rouse, M. 2012. Automated fingerprint identification system. Techopedia.
https://www.techopedia.com/definition/10200/automated-fingerprint-identification-system-afis
6. Santos, L. 2018. The automation of the fingerprint identification system of the national bureau of
investigation (NBI): Basis for capacity building. Master’s Thesis, University of the Philippines.
http://nbi.gov.ph/docs/SantosL_Automation.pdf
7. Thales. 2023. Automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) overview-A short history. Thales
Group: https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/markets/digital-identity-and-
security/government/biometrics/afis-history
8. Tubid, P.T. 1996. Dactyloscopy: Science of fingerprint classification and identification. Manila: Rex Book
Store.
9. Usmani, Z.H., Irum, S., Afzal, H. and Mahmud, S. 2013. How to build an automated fingerprint
identification system. In: 2013 International Symposium on Biometrics and Security Technologies (pp.
40-47). IEEE.
10. Wolvaard, I.W. 2007. Improvement of service delivery in the South African police service through
electronic payments in the King William's town community service centre. Doctoral Dissertation,
University of South Africa.

47
 International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research

Citation: Lourdes Reyes Santos. 2024. Automated Fingerprint Identification System: Basis for Modernization
of the Identification and Records Division (IRD). International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic
Research, 8(8): 37-48.
Copyright: ©2024 Lourdes Reyes Santos. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.
48