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Lisa Feurzeig
Grand Valley State University, USA
© Lisa Feurzeig 2014
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
Lisa Feurzeig has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to
be identified as the author of this work.
Published by
Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company
Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street
Union Road Suite 3-1
Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818
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England
www.ashgate.com
V
Contents
Bibliography 187
Index 195
This page has been left blank intentionally
List of Tables
5.1 “Wenige wissen das Geheimnis der Liebe,” mm. 41–8 143
5.2 “Wenige wissen das Geheimnis der Liebe,” mm. 73–8 144
5.3 “Wenige wissen das Geheimnis der Liebe,” mm. 97–108 145
5.4 “Wenige wissen das Geheimnis der Liebe,” mm. 82–5 146
5.5 “Ich sehe dich in allen Bildern,” mm. 11–15 146
5.6 “Wenige wissen das Geheimnis der Liebe,” mm. 36–40 147
5.7 “Nachthymne,” mm. 39–43 148
5.8 “Wenn alle untreu werden,” mm. 5–8 148
5.9 Melodies of “Wenn ich ihn nur habe” and “Wenn alle untreu
werden” compared 151
5.10 “Ich sag es jedem, daß er lebt,” mm. 1–12 155
5.11 “Nachthymne,” mm. 61–72 160
x Schubert’s Lieder and the Philosophy of Early German Romanticism
Eph. Ephesians
GH General Hermeneutics
GL Geistliche Lieder
HC Hermeneutics and Criticism
HN Hymnen an die Nacht
KFSA Kritische Friedrich-Schlegel-Ausgabe
NSA Neue Schubert-Ausgabe
Rev. Revelations
This page has been left blank intentionally
Preface and Acknowledgements
Preface
During the years that have been called his “years of crisis,”1 Schubert encountered
and set to music many poems stemming from the movement known in German
as the Frühromantik: early Romantic circles of writers and thinkers who gathered
in Berlin and Jena for a few brief years of intense productive engagement. These
young and rebellious intellectuals engendered an exciting hothouse atmosphere
from which sprang a rich and tangled jungle of ideas. Flourishing in the 1790s, the
intensely social and collaborative world of the Frühromantik faded just after 1800,
but its ideas have continued to influence intellectual history ever since. Schubert’s
involvement, about twenty years after they were written, with poems expressing
some of those ideas is but one of many examples.
Since the early Romantics challenged and questioned nearly everything they
encountered, it is not surprising that they were concerned with the nature of meaning
and understanding. Their interest in the theory of interpretation is reflected, for
example, in August Wilhelm Schlegel’s dialogue “Die Gemählde,” which chronicles
the discussions several members of the group conducted as they viewed the famous
Dresden art galleries. The theologian Friedrich Schleiermacher, closely connected
with the early Romantics, was a central hermeneutic theorist of the time. With
this circumstance in mind, it is quite interesting and fruitful to examine Schubert’s
settings of early Romantic poetry through a hermeneutic lens: that is, to explore
these songs in order to discover what interpretive strategies Schubert himself used
when he approached these texts and used them as a basis for his music.
This study will examine Schubert’s settings of two central figures of the
Frühromantik: thirteen of his sixteen songs on texts by Friedrich Schlegel and
all six of his settings of poetry by Friedrich von Hardenberg, whose poetic
pseudonym was Novalis. It will be argued that these nineteen songs demonstrate
three interpretive strategies that vary according to important characteristics of the
poetry and the thoughts behind it.
Interestingly, the reception histories of these two writers have been quite
contrasting. Schlegel has rarely been taken with any seriousness as a poet; his
critical and historical essays have been considered his important contributions. It
must be admitted that his poetry is characterized by a didactic awkwardness that he
never overcame. The very self-consciousness of the poems, though, while it may
1
See Werner Aderhold, Walther Dürr, and Walburga Litschauer, eds, Franz Schubert:
Jahre der Krise, 1818–1823: Bericht über das Symposion, Kassel, 30 September bis 1.
Oktober 1982 (Kassel: Bärenreiter, 1985).
xiv Schubert’s Lieder and the Philosophy of Early German Romanticism
diminish their effect as sweeping artistic experience, leads them to express their
philosophical points quite directly. I will argue that Schubert approached Schlegel’s
poems with their ideas in mind and attempted to find musical equivalents for these.
In his most successful settings of these poems, the song can be interpreted as a
diagram, or schema, of the poem’s most essential idea.
Schubert was particularly drawn to Schlegel’s poems about nature. Eleven of
his Schlegel settings were drawn from the poetic cycle Abendröte. Examination
of this cycle reveals a coherent and understandable set of ideas that are played out
in various ways throughout the twenty-two poems. Although Schubert’s settings
were composed across a span of about four years, I will consider these songs
together. My model of the interpretive strategy used by Schubert in settings from
this collection—a strategy for how to convey clear and distinct ideas by using music
in various ways to diagram the poems’ central points—is first discussed in Chapter
2, using the song “Die Berge” as a case study. This approach to composition has
much in common with the Kantian schema. In Chapter 3, I lay out some of the
general issues of interpretation raised by Schleiermacher and others at this time.
Chapter 4 then addresses the other songs in the Abendröte collection with the
ideas of Kant and Schleiermacher in mind. While these songs share certain textual
themes and some musical constructions, they also function quite separately, as
each is musically determined by specific ideas and images of its text.
Novalis, unlike Schlegel, was first acclaimed as a poet, beginning with
publications at the very end of his life and soon after his death. Only in much more
recent times has the range of his writings on other topics, including philosophy and
science, been fully recognized and appreciated. His poetry, much more evocative
than Schlegel’s, is correspondingly less explicit about the ideas that underlie it. In
his poems, Novalis evokes and relives inner experiences, while Schlegel seems
instead to design the experiences he describes so that they will fit the philosophical
points he wishes to make.
Novalis’s poetry blends religious imagery drawn from Christianity with very
strong erotic material. Schubert’s six selections from two of Novalis’s works, the
Geistliche Lieder and Hymnen an die Nacht, can be divided into two contrasting
groups. Two of the poems are among the poet’s most individual and passionate
creations, while the other four texts approach religion from a more conventional
perspective. Schubert’s interpretive strategy, as I argue in Chapter 5, was to treat
the six songs as a set. This grouping operates on two levels. First, the songs are
linked by certain musical qualities, so that they create a shared sound world. Their
shared musical material is more comprehensive than that of the Abendröte songs.
Second, they can be understood in relation to one another. Indeed, if we follow
Schubert’s clues as to the proper order of the songs, they lead to a conclusion about
which side of Novalis’s religious thought most appealed to the composer.
Schubert’s expansive setting of another nature poem by Schlegel is quite a
different sort of work. I discuss this song, “Im Walde,” in Chapter 6, where I
also suggest that Schubert’s experimental, mosaic-like construction of this song
arose because the ideas in this poem are much less comprehensible than those in
Preface and Acknowledgements xv
Abendröte. Schubert’s interest and sympathy for the text notwithstanding, he did
not have sufficient information to design a diagram-like musical solution, as he
had with some of the Abendröte songs. In its place, he created a complex musical
edifice whose variations and repetitions reflect the evocative but incoherent images
of the text, which blends nationalistic pride with vague philosophical references to
Schlegel’s obscure cosmology.
The epigraph, “and but think that I am thinking,” comes from one of the
Abendröte texts that Schubert did not set. I choose it as an emblem for the book for
two reasons. The actual intent of the line—that the shepherd thinks about his own
thoughts—captures the emphasis on reflection that is central to the Frühromantik
and thus to this book. Read differently, though, it could be a comment from
Schubert himself, addressed to many of his listeners over the years. What happens
if we think that Schubert is thinking?
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to many people who have helped with this project in all sorts of ways.
Though many changes have occurred over the years, much of this material is drawn
from my dissertation at the University of Chicago. My dedicated dissertation
committee there included Susan Youens of the University of Notre Dame, who
remains a dear friend and mentor; Philip V. Bohlman, whose help then and in the
years since has been greatly valued; and Berthold Hoeckner. Richard Cohn was
an interested reader at the time, and has helped me since then with guidance on
recent writings in music theory. My friend from graduate school and now fairly
close neighbor at the University of Michigan, Stefano Mengozzi, read through my
book proposal and shared his suggestions in ways that helped me define the project
more clearly. I am also most appreciative of two scholars from other disciplines
who have shared their ideas with me in correspondence: Professor Manfred Frank,
philosopher, and Professor William Arctander O’Brien, literary scholar.
I am grateful to the community of Schubert scholars for many conversations
and exchanges that have informed my work. In particular, thanks to Morten Solvik
for all sorts of practical help in Vienna and for marvelous discussions; to Lorraine
Byrne Bodley for much encouragement and assistance ever since we have known
each other; to Rita Steblin and Maynard Solomon, who have both helped along the
way; and to Blake Howe and Christopher Gibbs for good conversations.
At my own institution, Grand Valley State University, several colleagues
have helped with my work. Thanks to Kurt Ellenberger and John Schuster-Craig
for discussions of songs and unusual harmonies; to Chuck Norris and Marlen
Vavříková for interest, general support, and sympathetic listening; and to Kim
Ranger of the university library for aid in finding the well-hidden! Thanks also to
many students over the years whose approaches to Romantic song have fascinated
and inspired me. There are more than I can mention here; some notable names are
xvi Schubert’s Lieder and the Philosophy of Early German Romanticism
JoLynn Holcomb, Karisa Werdon, Michael York, Lydia Hall, Courtney Irish, Kait
LaPorte, Loretta Lanning, Theresa Zapata, Daniel Rhode, and Rebecca Sikina.
I recently had the good fortune to meet a neighbor on a bus who took a great interest
in this project. Amy Pattullo, trained as a philosopher and greatly interested in music
and ideas about music, listened to songs with me, considered my interpretations, and
asked penetrating questions. Another friend and neighbor, Michelle Quesnel, offered
much support in the final weeks—thanks for taking April to the beach!
During the final stages of writing, my mother, Nanni Feurzeig, used her
professional editing skill to read for clarity and continuity. My late father, Wally
Feurzeig, a great lover of music, shared his thoughts as well. Thanks to them for
these contributions, and for much support throughout my life.
During the many years when these songs and ideas have occupied me, my
partner in research and life, John Sienicki, has been an invaluable contributor.
His knowledge of the German philosophical traditions of the time has greatly
informed my work. On the more practical side, he generously entered all the music
examples into Sibelius. This book is dedicated to him, and to our daughter, April
Feurzeig, for her patience and understanding during this long process.
Chapter 1
The Berlin/Jena Romantics
Philosophy, history, sociology, politics, poetry, music, and visual art are tied
to this high period [Hoch-Zeit] of the German spirit; we recognize ever more
clearly that our life questions were already theirs, that theirs have newly become
ours, and thus historical observation is linked to the active present. Therefore, we
cannot learn enough about these people who passed away more than a century
ago: what they thought, what they taught, what they accomplished. It is not at all
simple antiquarian curiosity that moves the researcher and lover of history here;
it has to do with our most significant daily concerns.
Josef Körner1
For too long this approach has let a literary tail wag a cultural and philosophical
dog. Yet romantic literature was only one part of a broader intellectual and
cultural movement, and it is intelligible only in the light of romantic philosophy,
especially its epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and politics. If the romantics
gave pride of place to the aesthetic, giving it superiority to philosophy as a guide
to truth, that was only for all too epistemological and metaphysical reasons.
Frederick C. Beiser2
The writers of the early Romantic movement made advances in so many fields that
the meaning and importance of their work is still the subject of debate, particularly
as their ideas are often deliberately and tantalizingly evasive. It is far beyond the
scope of this book to give a comprehensive account of early Romanticism, known
in German as the Frühromantik. Rather, this chapter presents an overview of
the movement’s central people, how they interacted with one another, and some
of their ideas. There are no new discoveries or interpretations here, but rather a
1
“Philosophie, Geschichte, Soziologie, Politik, Dichtung, Musik und Bildkunst
knüpfen wieder an jene Hoch-Zeit deutschen Geistes an; wir erkennen immer besser, daß
unsere Lebensfragen schon die ihren waren, die ihren neuerdings unsere geworden sind,
und so verbindet sich geschichtliche Betrachtung mit tätiger Gegenwart. Nicht genug kann
man darum erfahren von jenen vor einem Jahrhundert schon dahingegangenen Menschen,
was sie dachten, was sie lehrten, was sie wirkten. Keineswegs nur antiquarische Wißbegier
bewegt hier den Forscher und Geschichtsfreund, es handelt sich um höchst tagläufige
Sache.” Krisenjahre der Frühromantik, 2nd ed. (3 vols., Bern and Munich: Francke
Verlag, 1969), vol. 1, pp. ix–x. All translations are my own unless otherwise identified.
2
The Romantic Imperative: The Concept of Early German Romanticism (Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), pp. ix–x.
2
Schubert’s Lieder and the Philosophy of Early German Romanticism
3
William Arctander O’Brien provides some perspective that helps to explain the
reception of the Romantic movement as simple and emotional: “Romanticism’s innovations
in philosophy, poetics, politics, and religion have been obscured by a sentimentalized, even
trivialized reception that cannot be dismissed as a fiction of the English-speaking world,
for it was, in its beginnings, a product of Romanticism itself, and later, of philosophical
3
The Berlin/Jena Romantics
Idealism turned reactionary. Fichte, Tieck, and the Schlegels all eventually repudiated their
early enthusiasm for the French Revolution, and fervently embraced the Reaction. Late
Romanticism and Idealism became the filters through which Early Romanticism (or, as
it is called in German, the Frühromantik) came to be read in Germany and abroad. If
Romanticism did not exactly outlive itself, it nonetheless buried itself.” Novalis: Signs of
Revolution (Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 1995), p. 1.
4
Even Hegel, a philosopher who is often considered to have represented the Reaction
in his late work, had a strong allegiance to the French Revolution: on July 14, 1820, while
visiting Dresden, he proposed a toast to the storming of the Bastille. “Needless to say, those
around Hegel were astonished; the old man had not only bought them the finest champagne
available, he was drinking to the Revolution at the height of the reaction and at a time when
he himself might have been in danger.” Terry Pinkard, Hegel: A Biography (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 451.
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Mutta hän vastasi:
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tehneet vain hillitsemättömämmäksi, mitä niistä tulisi? Hän vajoisi
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oikeudella saanut, sen minä olen viisaudella ja voimalla voittava.
Yhdeksän vuotta, ja koetetaan sitte vertailla, mitä sinä olet minun
rinnallani! Sinä ylenkatsot puolison velvollisuuksia, sinä et tahdo
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