Three Phase

TRANSFORMEs
TRANSFORMER
 TRANSFORMER
In modern power system, almost the entire electricity al energy
is generated, transmitted and distributed by using three phase
system.
During this voltage is raised or lowered several times for
economic reason.
When three identical units of single phase transformer are used
then the arrangement is called as Bank of Three Transformers
or Three-Phase Transformer Bank.
A B C
a b c
 TRANSFORMER
In modern power system, almost the entire electricity energy
is generated, transmitted and distributed by using three phase
system.
During this voltage is raised or lowered several times for
economic reason.
When three identical units of single phase transformer are used
then the arrangement is called as Bank of Three Transformers
or Three-Phase Transformer Bank.
A B C
a b c
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:
II
1200
1200
I

III

Three single phase transformers are placed with 1200 apart

Mechanically.
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:
II B
P
A I S
P C
S
P
S
III

The primary and secondary windings are wound over the limbs I,
II and III.
All the three primary windings are excited.
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:

What is the resultant flux in the central limb?

ZERO.
No use of central limb. Remove that limb.
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:
II B
P
A I S
P C
S
P
S
III
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:
II B
P
A I S
P C
S
P
S
III

So resultant structure is as shown above.

If we look from top. It looks like Y or star.
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:
II B
P
A I S
P C
S
P
S
III

Under this condition, flux will flow in all three limbs.

For example, consider phase A flux.
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:

The flux of one phase, completes its path through other two limbs.
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:

For the flux all phases A, B & C, there is equal air gap, equal
reluctance and equal magnetizing current.
Iμa= Iμb= Iμb
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:
II B
P
A I S
P C
S
P
S
III

The construction of such type of core is very expensive.

Therefore, practicable transformer core is constructed with the
arrangement of all limbs I, II and III in the same plane.
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:

A I II III
B C
P P P

S S S

The reluctance offered to the flux of central limb II is LESS than

the reluctance offered the fluxes of outer two limbs.
Because the air gap for central limb is less than that of the outer
limb.
I B  I A  I C Difference is negligible.
 TRANSFORMER
Evolution of Three Phase Transformer:

A I II III
B C
P P P

S S S

The reluctance offered to the flux of central limb II is LESS than

the reluctance offered the fluxes of outer two limbs.
Because the air gap for central limb is less than that of the outer
limb.
I B  I A  I C Difference is negligible.
TRANSFORMER
Core Type

Shell Type
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Shell type Transformer:
Winding is surrounded by core.

By placing three
1 2 3 4 single phase shell
type transformers side
by side, three phase
shell type transformer
A B C is formed.
If winding A is excited,
flux is set up
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Shell type Transformer:
Winding is surrounded by core.

By placing three
1 2 3 4 single phase shell
type transformers side
by side, three phase
shell type transformer
A B C is formed.
If winding A is excited,
flux is set up

Similarly for phase B and C windings.

 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Shell type Transformer:
The resultant flux Φ2 is
the phasor difference
ΦA/2 and ΦB/2
Φ2
1 2 3 4 ΦC ΦB/2

ΦA
A B C ΦA/2

ΦB
A B
2  
2 2
With ΦA is the reference phasor,
1 1
2  [0  ( 120)]  [  {cos( 120)  j sin( 120)}]
2 2
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Shell type Transformer:
With ΦA is the reference phasor,
1 1
2  [0  ( 120)]  [  {cos( 120)  j sin( 120)}]
2 2
1 1 3  3 3
 [  {(  )  j (  )}]  [  j ]
2 2 2 2 2 2
The magnitude is
2
 3
2
 3 3
2        
2 2  
 2  2
This shows that, for same flux density, cross
 3 sectional areas at 2 and 3 are 86.6% of the
central core area (Flux = B x A).
The cross sectional areas at 1 and 4 are 50% of the central
core area.
The cross sectional areas at 2 & 3 are 1.732 times areas at 1 & 4.
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Shell type Transformer:
Now if the winding B is wound in the reversed direction.
The resultant flux Φ2 is
the phasor SUM of
1 2 3 4 ΦA/2 and ΦB/2

ΦC
ΦA/2
A B C
ΦA
ΦB/2
Φ2
ΦB
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Shell type Transformer:
Now if the winding is wound in the reversed direction.
With ΦA is the reference phasor,
1 1
2  [0  (120)]  [  {cos( 120)  j sin( 120)}]
2 2
1 1 3  1 3
 [  {(  )  j (  )}]  [  j ]
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
 1
2
 3 
magnitudeof2         3
2 2  
 2  2
This shows that, for same flux density, cross sectional areas at 1, 2, 3 and
4 are SAME and equal to the one-half of the central core area.
Thus economy is effected in the core material.
Magnetic circuits are in parallel, independent of each other, similar
to Bank of Three Transformers.
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Transformer Connections:
Winding connections are:
Star, Delta and Zig-zag (Interconnected Star or Inter Star)
Symbols are: Y, D and Z

As per IS, the standard method of marking transformer terminals:

l. v. terminals
n a b c

N A B C
h. v. terminals
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Transformer Connections:
1. Terminals are brought in rows.
2. HV and LV terminals are mounted on opposite side of tank.
3. The hv terminals have capital letters A, B, C and lv terminals
have lower case letters a, b, c.
4. Tertiary wdg, if provided, have terminals as 3A, 3B and 3C.
5. Terminals are lettered from left to right.
6. The neutral is placed on extreme left.
7. For representing connection, hv wdg is indicated by capital Y
for star, D for delta and lv wdg is indicated by lower case y for star,
d for delta.

For example, Yd means hv wdg in star and lv wdg in delta.

 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Transformer Connections:
8. The angle displacement between hv and lv is represented by
CLOCK method.
According to this method, hv line phasor is considered as the
minute hand always at 12 o’clock (zero hour) position.
12
Lv line phasor is represented by hour hand. 11 300
Y
For example, Yd11 d

First symbol represents hv wdg, second symbol lv wdg and

third symbol is for phase displacement between hv and lv.
Y at 12 o’clock and d at 11 o’clock, means lv wdg is leading to
hv wdg by 300.
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Transformer Connections:
For three winding three phase transformer, Dy1y1, means
HV wdg in delta at 12 o’clock, lv wdg in star at 1 o’clock and
tertiary wdg with less voltage than lv, in star and at 1 o’clock
means lagging by 300 to hv wdg.. 12 1
30 0
Yy0d1. D
y
Hv and lv line phasors in phase and tertiary
lagging by 300 to hv and lv line phasors.

Depending on types of connections and angle displacement

between LINE phasors, there are four phasor groups.
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Transformer Connections:
Phasor groups:
1. Group No.1 (Zero degree phase displacement):
The phase displacement between the HV and LV line emfs is
zero. The possible connections are Yy0, Dd0 and Dz0.
HV
11 12 1
Y y 2
10 lv
9 3
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
4
8
7 5
6
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Transformer Connections:
Phasor groups:
1. Group No.1 (Zero degree phase displacement):
Yy0 Phase phasors are always in parallel.
A2, B2, C2 are A2 a2
clockwise in
a2, b2, c2
sequence and
a1 are output
are input C1 A1 c1 terminals.
terminals.
B1 b1
C2 c2
B2 b2
Line emf phasors are in parallel in Yy0, so zero degree
phase displacement
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Transformer Connections:
Phasor groups:
1. Group No.1 (Zero degree phase displacement):
Yy0
A2 a2
A2 a2

OUTPUT
A1 N a1 n
C1 c1
INPUT

C2 b2
B1 b1
C2 c2
B2 b2 c2
B2
 TRANSFORMER
Three Phase Transformer Connections:
Phasor groups:
1. Group No.1 (Zero degree phase displacement):
Yy0Connection diagram

A2 A2 A1 a1 a2 a2

OUTPUT
B2 B2 B1 b1 b2 b2
INPUT

C2 C2 C1 c1 c2 c2
N n
Dd0 A2, B2, C2 are clockwise in sequence
B1
A2 C1 A2 c1 a2
B2
or
A1 C1 C2 A1 c2 a1
C2 B1 B2 b1 b2
C2 B2 c2 b2
Line emf phasors VC2B2 and Vc2b2 are in parallel and in
one direction, in Dd0, so zero degree phase displacement
Dd0
B1
A2 C1 A2 c1 a2
B2
or
A1 C1 C2 A1 c2 a1
C2 B1 B2 b1 b2
C2 B2 c2 b2
A2 A2 a2 a2
C1 c1

C2 A1 a1 c2
C2 c2
B2 B1 B2 b1 b2 b2
Dd0
B1
A2 C1 A2 c1 a2
B2
or
A1 C1 C2 A1 c2 a1
C2 B1 B2 b1 b2
C2 B2 c2 b2
A2 A2 a2 a2
C1 c1

C2 A1 a1 c2
C2 c2
B2 B1 B2 b1 b2 b2

A2 A2 A1 a1 a2 a2
B2 B2 B1 b1 b2 b2
C2 C2 C1 c1 c2 c2
 TRANSFORMER
Dz0
Lv winding is sectionalized. a2, b2, c2 are connected
a4 to form a neutral in z.
a4
a3
C1 A2 a2 a3
c1
a1 c2 a2
C2 A1 c1 b1 b2 b3 b4 c3
b1 b2
c2 c4 a1
B1 B2 c3 b3 b4
c4
C2 B2 c4 b4

Line emf phasors VC2B2 and Vc4b4 are in parallel and in same
direction, in Dz0, so zero degree phase displacement. Used in
 TRANSFORMER
1. Group No.2 (1800 phase displacement):
The phase displacement between the HV and LV line emfs is
1800. The possible connections are Yy6, and Dd6.

HV
11 12 1
Y 2
10
9 1800 3
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
y 4
8
7 5
6 lv
 Yy6 A2 Secondary polarities are reversed.
c1
b1
C1 A1 c2
b2 a2
B1
C2
B2
a1

Line emf phasors VC2B2 and Vc1b1 are in parallel in Yy6, but
opposite in direction, so 1800 degree phase displacement.
 Yy6 A2 Secondary polarities are reversed.
c1
b1
C1 A1 c2
b2 a2
B1
C2
A2 B2
A2 a1
c1 c1

OUTPUT
b1 c2
A1 N n
C1
INPUT

C2 b2 a2
B1
C2
B2 a1
B2
a1
 Yy6 A2 Secondary polarities are reversed.
c1
b1
C1 A1 c2
b2 a2
B1
C2
B2 b1
A2 A2 a1
c1 c1

OUTPUT
b1 c2
A1 N n
C1
INPUT

C2 b2 a2
B1
C2
B2 a1
B2
a1
A2 A1 a2 a1
A2 a1
B2 B1 b2 b1
B2 b1
C2 C1 c2 c1
C2 c1
N n
 b1 c1

C1 A2 b1 b2
Dd6
c1
C2 A1
B1 B2 c2
C2 B2

Line emf phasors VC2B2 and Vc1b1 are in parallel but

opposite in direction in Dd6, so 1800 phase displacement
 b1 c1

C1 A2 b1 b2
c1
Dd6
C2 A1
B1 B2 c2
b1
C2 B2
A2 A2
C1 b1 b2 c1
c1
a2
C2 A1
C2 a1
B2 B1 B2 a1 c2
 b1 c1

C1 A2 b1 b2
c1
Dd6
C2 A1
B1 B2 c2
b1
C2 B2
A2 A2
C1 b1 b2 c1
c1
a2
C2 A1
C2 a1
B2 B1 B2 a1 c2

A2 A2 A1 a2 a1 a1
B2 B2 B1 b2 b1 b1
C2 C2 C1 c2 c1 c1
 TRANSFORMER
1. Group No.3 (Minus 300 phase displacement):
The phase displacement between the HV and LV line emfs is
-300. The lv line phasor lags the hv phasor by 300.
The possible connections are Yd1, and Dy1.

HV
11 12 1
300 2
Y lv
10
d 3
9
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
4
8
7 5
6
Yd1 A2
c1
c2
A1 a2
C1 c2

12 o’clock
B1 300
C2 b1 a1
B2 B2 b2
C2

Line emf phasors VB2C2 and Vb2c2 of Yd1, are having -300 degree
phase displacement.

This we continue in next class

 Assignment 15
1.Describe the function of Transformer. Give classification.
2. What caution has to be taken for the operation of transformer?.
3. Justify True or false: Transformer core consist of minimum four limbs.
4. Explain with proper proof derivation that economy is effected in the core material of
transformer if winding of central phase gets reversed.
5. What is meant by phasor groups in transformer?
6. Explain the following phasor groups with phasor and winding diagrams. (a) Yy0 (b) Yy
6 (c ) Dd0 (d) Dd6 (e) Dz0
7.A 300 kVA transformer having primary voltage 3 kV at 50 Hz has 300 and 50 primary
and secondary turns respectively. Determine (a) full load primary and secondary
current (b) no load secondary induced emf and (c) maximum flux in the core
neglecting all the losses. (Ans. 600 A, 500 V and 0.04504 Wb).
8. The core of single phase 3300/400 V, 50 Hz transformer is of square cross section,
each side being 140 mm. If the maximum flux density in the core is not to exceed 1 T,
determine number of turns required for each winding. (Ans. 102)

March 15, 2019 Friday P 3.5, 3.11

 Assignment 15
9. A 500-kVA, 3-phase, 50 Hz transformer has a voltage ratio (line voltages) of 33/11 kV
and is delta/star connected. The resistances per phase are: high voltage 35 Ω, low
voltage 0.876 Ω and the iron loss is 3050 W. Calculate the value of efficiency at full-load
and one-half of full-load respectively (a) at unity pf and (b) 0.8 pf {(a) 0.9854, 0.9815, (b)
0.9835, 0.9796}
10. A 100 kVA,3-phase, 50 Hz, 3,300/400 V transformer is ∆ -connected on HV side and
Y- connected on LV side. The resistance of the HV winding is 3.5 Ω per phase and that
of the LV winding 0.02 Ω per phase. Calculate both the losses of the transformer at
normal voltage if its full-load efficiency be 95.8 % at 0.8 pf lagging

March 15, 2019 Friday P 3.5, 3.11