3.1 Divisions of written texts
Written texts exhibit a rich variety of different structural
forms. Some have very little organization at levels higher than the
paragraphs; others may have a complex hierarchy of parts, sections,
chapters etc. Novels are divided into chapters, newspapers into
sections, reference works into articles and so forth. In the BNC all
such structural divisions are represnted uniformly by means of the
<div> element.
-
<div> (text division) contains a subdivision of the front, body, or back of a
text.
| n |
supplies an additional name or number for this division, taken
from the original source. |
| level |
specifies the hierarchic level of this division as a number
between 1 (outermost or largest division) and 4
(innermost or smallest). |
| type |
identifies the type or function of the division (for a written text). |
In written texts, the
n attribute is sometimes used to supply an
identifying name or number used within the text for a given division,
for example, a chapter number, as in the following example:
�<div�type="chapter"�n="three"�level="1">...</div>
More often, however, chapter names or numbers will appear within
the text, tagged using the
<head> element discussed in section
3.2.1 Headings and captions below.
The value of the attribute type is used to
characterise the function of the textual division (see the reference documentation for the values used). If a value is supplied for one
division at a given level, it may be assumed to apply to all
subsequent divisions at the same level until the end of the enclosing
element, although it is not always explicitly specified.
Where <div> levels are nested, for example where the
chapters of a novel are grouped into parts each of which may have its own
title or number, the level attribute is used to
indicate the depth of nesting. This is not strictly necessary (since
an XML-aware processor retains this information) but has been added
for the convenience of users of previous versions of the corpus, in
which the level was explicitly coded into the name of the surrounding
element (<div1>, <div2> etc.)
In text ANY, for example, each chapter of the original novel
corresponds with a
<div level="2">, because the work contains
groups of chapters, each of which begins with a page containing
just a date. The opening
of the text is therefore encoded as follows:
�<wtext�type="FICTION">
��<div�level="1"�n="1">
���<s�n="1">
����<w�c5="NP0"�hw="monday"�pos="SUBST">Monday</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">, </c>
����<w�c5="NP0"�hw="january"�pos="SUBST">January </w>
����<w�c5="ORD"�hw="13th"�pos="ADJ">13th</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">, </c>
����<w�c5="CRD"�hw="1986"�pos="ADJ">1986</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
���<div�level="2"�n="1">
����<p>
�����<s�n="2">
������<w�c5="NP0"�hw="victor"�pos="SUBST">Victor </w>
������<w�c5="NP0"�hw="wilcox"�pos="SUBST">Wilcox </w>
������<w�c5="VVZ"�hw="lie"�pos="VERB">lies </w>
������<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="awake"�pos="ADJ">awake</w>
�����...
����� </s>
����</p>
���</div>
��</div>...</wtext>
<!-- ANY -->
Note however that in some texts initial sentences (like ‘Monday, January
13th, 1986’ above) may have been misplaced, so that they appear at the start
of an inner <div> rather than the start of its parent.
A sequence of paragraph-level elements of arbitrary length may
precede the first structural subdivision at any level. A text may have
no structural divisions within it at all. Note that any prefatory or
appended matter not forming part of a text will not generally be
captured: the tei elements <front> and
<back> elements are not used.
3.2 Paragraph-level elements and chunks
Written texts may be organized into structural units containing more
than one
<s> element and smaller than any of the divisions
discussed in section
3.1 Divisions of written texts above. The most commonly
found such element is the
<p> (paragraph):
-
<p> (paragraph) marks paragraphs in prose.
Several other elements may however appear directly within
<div>
or within
<text> elements, not nested within some other element
such as a paragraph. An list of these elements
follows:
-
<head> (heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section
or a poem.
| type |
describes the kind of heading. |
| rend |
a code briefly characterising the way the element content was originally
presented. |
-
<quote> (quotation) contains a phrase or passage attributed by the narrator or
author to some agency external to the text.
| rend |
a code briefly characterising the way the element content was originally
presented. |
-
<sp> (speech) An individual speech in a performance text, or a passage
presented as such in a prose or verse text.
| who |
indicates the person, or group of
people, to whom the element content is ascribed. |
-
<lg> (line group) contains a group of verse lines functioning as a formal unit,
e.g. a stanza, refrain, verse paragraph, etc.
-
<list> contains any sequence of items organized as a list.
-
<note> contains a note or annotation.
| place |
specifies where the note is placed in the original source. |
| n |
internal identifier. |
-
<bibl> (bibliographic citation) contains any bibliographic reference, occurring either within
the header of a written corpus text in which case it has a fixed
substructure, or within the body of a corpus text, in which case it
contains only s elements.
| rend |
a code briefly characterising the way the element content was originally
presented. |
Each of these elements contains one or more <s> elements, as
discussed above; in some cases enclosed by an intermediate
element. They are used chiefly to indicate the function of sections of
the text, as indicated in the list above.
The following sections provide examples for the use of each of
these elements.
3.2.1 Headings and captions
One or more
<head> elements of specified types may appear in sequence at the
start of any
<div> element, or at the start of a
<list> or
<poem>, as in the following examples:.
�<div�level="1"�n="1">
��<head�type="MAIN">
���<s�n="1">
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="ageism"�pos="SUBST">AGEISM</w>
���</s>
��</head>
��<head�type="SUB">
���<s�n="2">
����<w�c5="AT0"�hw="the"�pos="ART">THE </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="foundation"�pos="SUBST">FOUNDATION </w>
����<w�c5="PRF"�hw="of"�pos="PREP">OF </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="age"�pos="SUBST">AGE </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="discrimination"�pos="SUBST">DISCRIMINATION</w>
���</s>
��</head>
��<head�type="BYLINE">
���<s�n="3">
����<w�c5="NP0"�hw="steve"�pos="SUBST">STEVE </w>
����<w�c5="NP0-NN1"�hw="scrutton"�pos="SUBST">SCRUTTON</w>
���</s>
��</head>...</div>
<!-- B01 -->
As shown above, the type attribute is used to distinguish more
exactly the function of a heading.
Note that, in the BNC, captions or headings which ‘float’ within the text,
that is, which appear elsewhere than at the very beginning of the
section which they name, are not encoded as <head> elements. A <head> element
can appear only at the start of a text division and is logically
associated with it (for example, chapter titles, newspaper headlines
etc.). Paragraphs which provide heading or captioning information,
but which are logically independent of
their position within a textual division (for example,
captions attached to pictures or figures,
or ‘pull-quotes’ embedded within the text) are represented in the same way as any other
paragraph of text, using the <p> element, but specifying the
value caption in their rend attribute.
In the following example, the
<head> element is followed by
a number of captions introducing particular parts of
a magazine story:
�<div�level="1">
��<head>
���<s�n="40">
����<w�c5="NN2"�hw="trousers"�pos="SUBST">TROUSERS </w>
����<w�c5="VVB-NN1"�hw="suit"�pos="VERB">SUIT</w>
���</s>
��</head>
��<p�type="caption">
���<s�n="41">
����<w�c5="EX0"�hw="there"�pos="PRON">There </w>
����<w�c5="VBZ"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">is </w>
����<w�c5="PNI"�hw="nothing"�pos="PRON">nothing
</w>
����<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="masculine"�pos="ADJ">masculine </w>
����<w�c5="PRP"�hw="about"�pos="PREP">about </w>
����<w�c5="DT0"�hw="these"�pos="ADJ">these
</w>
����<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="new"�pos="ADJ">new </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="trousers"�pos="SUBST">trouser </w>
����<w�c5="VVZ-NN2"�hw="suit"�pos="VERB">suits
</w>
����<w�c5="PRP"�hw="in"�pos="PREP">in </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="summer"�pos="SUBST">summer</w>
����<w�c5="POS"�hw="'s"�pos="UNC">'s </w>
����<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="soft"�pos="ADJ">soft </w>
����<w�c5="NN2"�hw="pastel"�pos="SUBST">pastels</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>...</p>...</div>
<!--C8B -->
3.2.2 Quotations
A quotation is an extract from some other work than the text itself
which is embedded within it, for example as an epigraph or illustration.
It is marked up using the <quote> element. This may contain any
combination of other chunks (for example paragraphs, poems, lists) but
may not directly contain <w> or <s> elements. A reference for the
citation may also be contained within it.
For example:
�<quote>
��<p>
���<s�n="2080">
����<w�c5="DT0"�hw="this"�pos="ADJ">This </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="way"�pos="SUBST">way </w>
����<w�c5="PRP"�hw="for"�pos="PREP">for
</w>
����<w�c5="AT0"�hw="the"�pos="ART">the </w>
����<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="sorrowful"�pos="ADJ">sorrowful </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="city"�pos="SUBST">city</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
��...
��<s�n="2083">
����<w�c5="VVB"�hw="abandon"�pos="VERB">Abandon </w>
����<w�c5="DT0"�hw="all"�pos="ADJ">all </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="hope"�pos="SUBST">hope</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">, </c>
����<w�c5="PNP"�hw="you"�pos="PRON">you </w>
����<w�c5="PNQ"�hw="who"�pos="PRON">who </w>
����<w�c5="VVB"�hw="enter"�pos="VERB">enter</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">…</c>
���</s>
���<bibl>
����<s�n="2084">
�����<w�c5="NP0"�hw="dante"�pos="SUBST">Dante</w>
����</s>
���</bibl>
��</p>
�</quote>
<!-- C8L -->
3.2.3 Spoken paragraphs
As noted above, the
<sp> element is used to mark parts of a
written text which were or are intended to be spoken, for example the
speeches in a dramatic text or a published interview. Such parts are
generally readily identifiable by the use of such conventions as speaker
prefixes (the label supplying the name of the speaker) and stage
directions, for which the following additional elements are used:
-
<speaker> A specialized form of heading or label, giving the name of
one or more speakers in a dramatic text or fragment.
-
<stage> (stage direction) contains any kind of stage direction within a dramatic text or
fragment.
| rend |
a code briefly characterising the way the element content was originally
presented. |
The <sp> element is used only for speech which is presented
as such in a written text, by contrast with the element <u>
discussed in section 4.2 Utterances, which is used only
for speaker turns identified in a spoken text, i.e. one which has been
transcribed from audio tape.
If present, a <speaker> element will appear only at the start of
the
<sp> element, followed by one or more <p> elements
containing the actual speech.
Here is an example of a stage direction occurring within a speech:
�<sp>
��<p>
���<s�n="1115">
����<w�c5="CRD"�hw="seven"�pos="ADJ">Seven </w>
����<w�c5="NN2"�hw="book"�pos="SUBST">books </w>
����<w�c5="AT0"�hw="a"�pos="ART">a </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="week"�pos="SUBST">week</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
��</p>
��<stage�rend="it">
���<s�n="1119">
����<w�c5="PNP"�hw="he"�pos="PRON">He </w>
����<w�c5="VVZ"�hw="dance"�pos="VERB">dances</w>
���</s>
��</stage>
��<p>
���<s�n="1122">
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="library"�pos="SUBST">Library </w>
����<w�c5="NN2"�hw="book"�pos="SUBST">books</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
��</p>
�</sp>
<!-- A06 -->
These elements appear frequently in formal transcriptions of
written proceedings, notably those parts of the BNC which are
extracted from Hansard:
�<sp>
��<p>
���<s�n="20468">
����<w�c5="DT0"�hw="that"�pos="ADJ">That </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="millionaire"�pos="SUBST">millionaire </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="mammy"�pos="SUBST">mammy</w>
����<w�c5="POS"�hw="'s"�pos="UNC">'s </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="boy"�pos="SUBST">boy </w>
����<c�c5="PUN">—</c>
���</s>
���<stage>
����<s�n="20469">
�����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="interruption"�pos="SUBST">Interruption</w>
����</s>
���</stage>
��</p>
�</sp>
�<sp>
��<speaker>
���<s�n="20470">
����<w�c5="NP0"�hw="mr."�pos="SUBST">Mr. </w>
����<w�c5="NP0"�hw="speaker"�pos="SUBST">Speaker</w>
���</s>
��</speaker>
��<p>
���<s�n="20471">
����<w�c5="NN1-VVB"�hw="order"�pos="SUBST">Order</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
���<s�n="20472">
����<w�c5="DT0"�hw="that"�pos="ADJ">That </w>
����<w�c5="VBZ"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">is </w>
����<w�c5="XX0"�hw="not"�pos="ADV">not </w>
����<w�c5="AV0"�hw="wholly"�pos="ADV">wholly </w>
����<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="unparliamentary"�pos="ADJ">unparliamentary</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
��</p>
�</sp>
<!-- HHV -->
3.2.4 Poetry
Poetry is distinguished from prose in the BNC where it is so
presented in the original, for example as fragments of verse or song appearing within or
between paragraphs of prose. The <l> (line) element is used to mark each
verse line; where there are several such lines, perhaps with a
heading, they are grouped together using the <lg> (linegroup) element, and any title or heading present is marked with a
<head> element.
For example:
�<lg>
��<l>
���<s�n="906">
����<w�c5="PNP"�hw="i"�pos="PRON">I </w>
����<w�c5="VVB"�hw="send"�pos="VERB">send </w>
����<w�c5="DPS"�hw="i"�pos="PRON">my </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="soul"�pos="SUBST">soul </w>
����<w�c5="PRP"�hw="through"�pos="PREP">through </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="time"�pos="SUBST">time </w>
����<w�c5="CJC"�hw="and"�pos="CONJ">and </w>
����<w�c5="NN1-VVB"�hw="space"�pos="SUBST">space </w>
����<w�c5="TO0"�hw="to"�pos="PREP">to </w>
����<w�c5="VVI"�hw="greet"�pos="VERB">greet </w>
����<w�c5="PNP"�hw="you"�pos="PRON">you</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
��</l>
��<l>
���<s�n="907">
����<w�c5="PNP"�hw="you"�pos="PRON">You </w>
����<w�c5="VBD"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">were </w>
����<w�c5="AT0"�hw="a"�pos="ART">a </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="poet"�pos="SUBST">poet</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
���<s�n="908">
����<w�c5="PNP"�hw="you"�pos="PRON">You </w>
����<w�c5="VM0"�hw="will"�pos="VERB">will </w>
����<w�c5="VVI"�hw="understand"�pos="VERB">understand</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
��</l>
�</lg>
<!-- CCB -->
Note that the <l> element is not used to mark typographic
lineation. Layout information is not, in general, preserved in the BNC.
3.2.5 Lists
A list is a collection of distinct items flagged as such by special
layout in written texts, often functioning as a single syntactic unit.
Lists may appear within or between paragraphs. Where marked, lists are
tagged with the
<list> element, which may contain the following
subelements:
-
<head> (heading) contains any type of heading, for example the title of a section
or a poem.
-
<label> contains the label associated with an item in a list; in
glossaries, marks the term being defined.
| rend |
a code briefly characterising the way the element content was originally
presented. |
-
<item> contains one
component of a list.
| rend |
a code briefly characterising the way the element content was originally
presented. |
A <list> element consists of an optional <head>
element, followed by one or more <item> elements, each of which
may optionally be preceded by a <label> element, used to hold
the identifier or tag sometimes attached to a list item, for example
‘(a)’. It may also contain a word or phrase used for a similar
purpose.
The <item> element may appear only inside lists. It contains
the same mixture of elements as a paragraph, and may thus contain one
or more nested lists. It may also contains a series of paragraphs, each
marked with a <p> element.
Here is an example of a simple list:
�<list>
��<item>
���<s�n="87">
����<w�c5="VBZ"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">Is </w>
����<w�c5="DPS"�hw="you"�pos="PRON">your </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="nylon"�pos="SUBST">nylon </w>
����<hi�rend="it">
�����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="nightie"�pos="SUBST">nightie </w>
����</hi>
����<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="fireproof"�pos="ADJ">fireproof</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">?</c>
���</s>
��</item>
��<item>
���<s�n="88">
����<w�c5="AT0"�hw="the"�pos="ART">The </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="hurricane"�pos="SUBST">hurricane </w>
����<w�c5="VBD"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">was </w>
����<hi�rend="it">
�����<w�c5="AV0"�hw="mighty"�pos="ADV">mighty </w>
����</hi>
����<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="fierce"�pos="ADJ">fierce</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
��</item>
��<item>
���<s�n="89">
����<w�c5="VM0"�hw="will"�pos="VERB">Will </w>
����<w�c5="PNP"�hw="you"�pos="PRON">you </w>
����<hi�rend="it">
�����<w�c5="VVI"�hw="mow"�pos="VERB">mow </w>
����</hi>
����<w�c5="AT0"�hw="the"�pos="ART">the </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="lawn"�pos="SUBST">lawn</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">?</c>
���</s>
��</item>
��<item>
���<s�n="90">
����<w�c5="VDD"�hw="do"�pos="VERB">Did </w>
����<w�c5="PNP"�hw="you"�pos="PRON">you </w>
����<hi�rend="it">
�����<w�c5="VVI"�hw="know"�pos="VERB">know
</w>
����</hi>
����<w�c5="AT0"�hw="the"�pos="ART">the </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="time"�pos="SUBST">time</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">?</c>
���</s>
��</item>
�</list>
<!-- C9R -->
Here is an example of a labelled list:
�<list>
��<label>
���<s�n="424">
����<w�c5="CRD"�hw="1"�pos="ADJ">1</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
��</label>
��<item>
���<s�n="425">
����<w�c5="NN1-NP0"�hw="surya"�pos="SUBST">Surya </w>
����<c�c5="PUN">— </c>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="sun"�pos="SUBST">Sun </w>
����<c�c5="PUN">— </c>
����<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="creative"�pos="ADJ">Creative </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="agent"�pos="SUBST">agent</w>
���</s>
��</item>
��<label>
���<s�n="426">
����<w�c5="CRD"�hw="2"�pos="ADJ">2</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
��</label>
��<item>
���<p>
����<s�n="427">
�����<w�c5="NN1-NP0"�hw="vayu"�pos="SUBST">Vayu </w>
�����<c�c5="PUN">— </c>
�����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="air"�pos="SUBST">Air </w>
�����<c�c5="PUN">— </c>
�����<w�c5="VVG-AJ0"�hw="preserve"�pos="VERB">Preserving </w>
�����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="agent"�pos="SUBST">agent </w>
�����<pb�n="43"/>
����</s>
���</p>
��</item>
��<label>
���<s�n="428">
����<w�c5="CRD"�hw="3"�pos="ADJ">3</w>
����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
���</s>
��</label>
��<item>
���<p>
����<s�n="429">
�����<w�c5="NN2"�hw="agni"�pos="SUBST">Agni </w>
�����<c�c5="PUN">—
</c>
�����<w�c5="NN1-VVB"�hw="fire"�pos="SUBST">Fire </w>
�����<c�c5="PUN">—
</c>
�����<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="destructive"�pos="ADJ">Destructive </w>
�����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="agent"�pos="SUBST">agent</w>
����</s>
���</p>
��</item>
�</list>
<!-- CB9 -->
3.2.6 Notes and citations
Annotations occurring in written texts, and bibliographic citations
or references, have been marked up in some texts, using the <note>
element.
Original notes may contain any mixture of other chunks, and may also
contain paragraphs: they appear in written texts only. They may
be relocated to the end of the section in which they appear.
For example:
�<note�place="SIDE">
��<s�n="477">
���<w�c5="AT0"�hw="the"�pos="ART">The </w>
���<w�c5="AJ0-NN1"�hw="short"�pos="ADJ">short </w>
���<w�c5="VBZ"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">is </w>
���<w�c5="AT0"�hw="a"�pos="ART">a </w>
���<w�c5="NN1"�hw="film"�pos="SUBST">film </w>
���<w�c5="PRP"�hw="about"�pos="PREP">about </w>
���<w�c5="NN1-VVG"�hw="sailing"�pos="SUBST">sailing</w>
���<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
��</s>...</note>
<!-- A6C -->
Note the use of the
n attribute to carry the
original footnote number in the above example.
3.2.7 Bibliographic references
Bibliographic citations or references within running texts may also
be marked, using the <bibl> element; in the present version of
the corpus this is done in some texts
only.
For example:
�<quote>
��<p�rend="it">
���<s�n="1943">
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="zombie"�pos="SUBST">Zombie </w>
����<w�c5="AT0"�hw="no"�pos="ART">no </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="go"�pos="SUBST">go </w>
����<w�c5="CJS"�hw="unless"�pos="CONJ">unless </w>
����<w�c5="PNP"�hw="you"�pos="PRON">you </w>
����<w�c5="VVB"�hw="tell"�pos="VERB">tell </w>
����<w�c5="VVB-NN1"�hw="im"�pos="VERB">im </w>
����<w�c5="TO0"�hw="to"�pos="PREP">to </w>
����<w�c5="VVI"�hw="go"�pos="VERB">go</w>
���</s>
���<bibl>
����<s�n="1944">
�����<w�c5="AT0"�hw="the"�pos="ART">The </w>
�����<w�c5="NP0"�hw="communards"�pos="SUBST">Communards</w>
�����<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
����</s>
���</bibl>
��</p>
�</quote>
<!-- A0L -->
Note that the <bibl> element used within corpus texts has
none of the more detailed sub-elements described for it in 5.1.5.2 Structured bibliographic record. Like all the other elements described in the present
subsection, the <bibl> element appearing within corpus texts
contains only <s> elements.
3.3 Phrase-level elements
Phrase-level elements are elements which cannot appear directly
within a textual division, but must be contained by some other element.
In practice, this means they will be contained within an
<s>
element. In addition to the
<w>,
<mw>, and
<c> elements
already discussed, only the following phrase-level elements appear within
<s> elements in written texts:
-
<pb> (page break) marks the boundary between one page of a text and the next
in a standard reference system.
| n |
gives the number of the page beginning here. |
-
<hi> (highlighted) marks a word or phrase as graphically distinct from the
surrounding text, for reasons concerning which no claim is
made.
| rend |
a code briefly characterising the way the element content was originally
presented. |
3.3.1 Page breaks
Wherever possible, the original pagination and page numbering of the source text
has been preserved. The
<pb> element is used to mark the
approximate position in the text at which each new page starts, and
its
n attribute supplies the number of the page.
�<l>
��<s�n="1403">
���<c�c5="PUN">— </c>
���<w�c5="CJC"�hw="and"�pos="CONJ">and </w>
���<w�c5="NN2"�hw="creditor"�pos="SUBST">creditors </w>
���<w�c5="VVB"�hw="grow"�pos="VERB">grow </w>
���<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="cruel"�pos="ADJ">cruel</w>
���<c�c5="PUN">,</c>
��</s>
�</l>
�<l>
��<s�n="1404">
���<pb�n="75"/>
���<w�c5="AV0"�hw="so"�pos="ADV">so </w>
���<w�c5="PNP"�hw="he"�pos="PRON">he </w>
���<w�c5="VVZ"�hw="bow"�pos="VERB">bows </w>
���<w�c5="CJC"�hw="and"�pos="CONJ">and </w>
���<w�c5="NN2-VVZ"�hw="scrape"�pos="SUBST">scrapes</w>
���<c�c5="PUN">,</c>
��</s>
�</l>
<!-- HNU -->
Where several pages have been left out of a transcription, for
example because they are blank or contain illustrations only, a
<pb> element may be given for each, as in this example:
�<s�n="1323">
��<w�c5="PNP"�hw="i"�pos="PRON">I </w>
��<w�c5="VHB"�hw="have"�pos="VERB">have</w>
��<w�c5="XX0"�hw="not"�pos="ADV">n't </w>
��<w�c5="VBN"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">been </w>
��<w�c5="PRP"�hw="to"�pos="PREP">to </w>
��<w�c5="AT0"�hw="an"�pos="ART">an </w>
��<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="organized"�pos="ADJ">organized </w>
��<w�c5="NN1"�hw="campsite"�pos="SUBST">campsite </w>
��<w�c5="PRP"�hw="for"�pos="PREP">for </w>
��<pb�n="64"/>
��<pb�n="65"/>
��<pb�n="66"/>
��<w�c5="AV0"�hw="perhaps"�pos="ADV">perhaps </w>
��<w�c5="CRD"�hw="fifteen"�pos="ADJ">fifteen </w>
��<w�c5="NN2"�hw="year"�pos="SUBST">years</w>
��<c�c5="PUN">, </c>
��<w�c5="AV0"�hw="so"�pos="ADV">so </w>
��<w�c5="DT0"�hw="all"�pos="ADJ">all </w>
��<w�c5="DT0"�hw="this"�pos="ADJ">this </w>
��<w�c5="VBZ"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">is </w>
��<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="new"�pos="ADJ">new </w>
��<w�c5="PRP"�hw="to"�pos="PREP">to </w>
��<w�c5="PNP"�hw="i"�pos="PRON">me</w>
��<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
�</s>
<!-- A6T -->
3.3.2 Highlighted phrases
Typographic changes or highlighting in the original may not be marked in the
transcript at all. Alternatively, highlighted phrases, and the kind of
highlighting used, may be recorded in one of two ways:
- using the rend (rendition) attribute on elements
for which this is defined
- using the
<hi> (highlighted) element
The former is used where the whole of the content of one of the
elements <bibl>, <corr>, <div>, <head>,
<item>, <l>, <label>, <list>, <p>,
<quote> or <stage> is highlighted. The latter is
used on all other occasions. The values available for the rend
attribute in either case and their significance are as listed in the
reference documentation in
all cases.
It should be noted that the purpose of the rend
attribute is not to provide information adequate to the
needs of a typesetter, but simply to record some qualitative information
about the original.
Like all other phrase-level elements, each <hi> element must
be entirely contained by an <s> element. This implies that
where, for example, a bolded passage contains more than one sentence, or
an italicised phrase begins in one verse line and ends in another, the
<hi> element must be closed at the end of the enclosing element,
and then re-opened within the next.
�<s�n="2211">
��<hi�rend="it">
���<w�c5="NN1"�hw="apple"�pos="SUBST">Apple
</w>
��</hi>
��<w�c5="VBZ"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">is </w>
��<w�c5="PRP"�hw="to"�pos="PREP">to </w>
��<hi�rend="it">
���<w�c5="NN0"�hw="fruit"�pos="SUBST">fruit </w>
��</hi>
��<w�c5="CJS-PRP"�hw="as"�pos="CONJ">as
</w>
��<hi�rend="it">
���<w�c5="NN1"�hw="dog"�pos="SUBST">dog </w>
��</hi>
��<w�c5="VBZ"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">is </w>
��<w�c5="PRP"�hw="to"�pos="PREP">to
</w>
��<hi�rend="it">
���<w�c5="ZZ0"�hw="x"�pos="SUBST">X </w>
��</hi>
��<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
�</s>
<!-- FAC -->
For example, in the following four lines of verse, the first three
are rendered in italics, and the
rend attribute is
therefore specified for each
<l> element. In the fourth line,
only the first few words are in italics: a
<hi> element must be
used within the
<l> to carry this information.
�<l�rend="it">
��<s�n="394">
���<w�c5="PNP"�hw="it"�pos="PRON">It </w>
���<w�c5="VBD"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">was </w>
���<w�c5="CRD"�hw="one"�pos="ADJ">one </w>
���<w�c5="PRF"�hw="of"�pos="PREP">of </w>
���<w�c5="AT0"�hw="a"�pos="ART">a </w>
���<w�c5="NN0"�hw="pair"�pos="SUBST">pair</w>
���<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
��</s>
��<s�n="395">
���<w�c5="DPS"�hw="it"�pos="PRON">Its </w>
���<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="precious"�pos="ADJ">precious </w>
���<w�c5="NN1"�hw="twin"�pos="SUBST">twin</w>
��</s>
�</l>
�<l�rend="it">
��<s�n="396">
���<w�c5="VBD"�hw="be"�pos="VERB">was </w>
���<w�c5="VVN"�hw="steal"�pos="VERB">stolen </w>
���<w�c5="PRP"�hw="by"�pos="PREP">by </w>
���<w�c5="AT0"�hw="the"�pos="ART">the </w>
���<w�c5="NN2"�hw="soldier"�pos="SUBST">soldiers</w>
���<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
��</s>
��<s�n="397">
���<w�c5="DT0"�hw="all"�pos="ADJ">All </w>
���<w�c5="AT0"�hw="the"�pos="ART">the </w>
���<w�c5="NN1"�hw="time"�pos="SUBST">time</w>
��</s>
�</l>
�<l�rend="it">
��<s�n="398">
���<w�c5="DPS"�hw="she"�pos="PRON">her </w>
���<w�c5="NN1"�hw="uncle"�pos="SUBST">uncle </w>
���<w�c5="VVD"�hw="stand"�pos="VERB">stood </w>
���<w�c5="AV0"�hw="there"�pos="ADV">there </w>
���<w�c5="VVG"�hw="clutch"�pos="VERB">clutching </w>
���<w�c5="DT0"�hw="this"�pos="ADJ">this </w>
���<w�c5="PNI"�hw="one"�pos="PRON">one </w>
���<w�c5="AVP-PRP"�hw="in"�pos="ADV">in</w>
��</s>
�</l>
�<l>
��<s�n="399">
���<hi�rend="it">
����<w�c5="DPS"�hw="he"�pos="PRON">his </w>
����<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="big"�pos="ADJ">big </w>
����<w�c5="NN1"�hw="fist"�pos="SUBST">fist </w>
���</hi>
���<c�c5="PUN">— </c>
���<w�c5="AV0"�hw="so"�pos="ADV">so</w>
���<c�c5="PUN">!</c>
��</s>
��<s�n="400">
���<w�c5="PNP"�hw="she"�pos="PRON">She </w>
���<w�c5="VDZ"�hw="do"�pos="VERB">does </w>
���<w�c5="AT0"�hw="a"�pos="ART">a </w>
���<w�c5="AJ0"�hw="little"�pos="ADJ">little </w>
���<w�c5="NN1"�hw="mime"�pos="SUBST">mime</w>
���<c�c5="PUN">.</c>
��</s>
�</l>
<!-- C8X -->