I’m a CFO and was a layperson on this until I started having to deal with it. I don’t have any resources other than my work experience with a few companies that have debt covenants. First, they can be rather arbitrary as they’re literally made up for each deal and meant to align somewhat to the growth story that’s being “sold” to the lender during the debt issuance; they’re negotiated between lender/borrower so take a lot of different shapes. The ones I’ve seen are usually 1) a reporting requirement 2) monthly/quarterly/annually frequency is negotiable 3) usually have some financial metric or growth metric that the company should be hitting by a certain time. So, I’ve seen EBITDA margin, gross margin, cash flow, and revenue growth stats as these metrics. But again, it could be anything.
As GP said, usually if the covenant isn’t being met but the company is profitable or has a good excuse the lender will not call the debt. They’ll work with you. I’ve seen tons of flexibility here from lenders. Usually the lender will start having more questions about the strategy and current forecasts if the metrics are underperforming and you’ll (CEO/CFO) will have to start being a bit more transparent than required or maybe just more frequent check in meetings to discuss status. In most cases, if you actually have a good story and have a healthy partnership the lender doesn’t want to call the loan and wants to see how they can help (within tolerance) get you back on track.
The moment the lender calls the loan typically, in startup land, there’s no cash reserves to pay off the debt and so the company is instantly insolvent and operations cease. This is why the lender is flexible, calling is typically a nuke for the business. But also, it can be a bit of a stop/loss. Meaning the cash in the bank can at least be recouped.
One standardized metric used as a covenant is the debt service coverage ratio, especially for commercial real estate. The lender gets to monitor business performance in almost real time, and if it goes below what the borrower agreed to, they can force a renegotiation of terms or call the loan.
