I know this is a great book, it’s been on my to-read list for about 5 years. But I never get to it. Is there not another (shorter) discussion I could read on this? Even an academic paper would be acceptable.
You could read Kurt Godels paper,but it's literally undecyperable. The book is one on the best reads ever. It will also teach you how to think in very very formal ways. It made Calculus half the class it was, and I breezed through finite math.
Propositional Calulus will teach you to think in symbols you cannot even fathom. This alone is worth every minute reading the book.
Every few years I reread it, and get a new sense of solving problems. The book can be divided into parts... But the whole...
As I said above, I'm not an expert. However, I read GEB on a whim when bored at school and I think it still informs my thinking 35 years later.
Move GEB up the reading list right now! The edition I initially read was hard bound and was quite worn. I bought and read it again about 20 years ago and found more treasures.
It is a proper nerd grade treatise for non experts who are interested in maths, music and art. Really: maths, music and art from a mostly mathematical perspective. Hofstadter's writing style is very easy going and he is a master of clarity without complexity.
I don't think you need any more Maths than you would get up to age 18 or so at school to understand the entire book and probably less. Even if you gloss the formal Maths the book still works.