I don't mind C# not using that name because .Where doesn't actually filter the object, it returns an IQueryable, which you can chain further statements onto, then filter.
The LINQ API is modeled after relational algebra (where `Select` acts as projection, and `Where` acts as selection, etc.), which is as good a basis for operations on collections as anything. It is not even clear that other popular names have precedent, let alone especially useful expressive power beyond what normal relational algebras afford.
Besides that, one of the early intents behind LINQ was to allow a language-integrated ORM, so LINQ's choices for names are actually extremely appropriate.
On human-friendliness, filter can read as a physical metaphor, so scores rather well. Just need to remember whether what's caught is kept or discarded.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filter_%28higher-order_function...