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For the Persian custom of ruling by vassal-kings of the old royal race cf. iii. 15. 2 n. These kings (cf. viii. 11, 67) appear elsewhere at the head of their contingents; under Conon at Cnidus, 394 B.C. (cf. Diodorus, xiv. 79), and in the Aegean, 332 B.C., under Pharnabazus and Autophradates (cf. Arrian, Anab. ii. 13).

Τετράμνηστος: a Phoenician name Hellenized on the analogy of Ἀρίμνηστος (ix. 64. 2, 72. 2), Πολύμνηστος (iv. 150. 2).

Ματτήν = Mattan = a gift, Hebrew and Phoenician (2 Kings xi. 18).

Σιρώμου = Hiram, LXX. Χειράμ, probably a shortened form of Ahiram = brother of the exalted one. Hiram III was a member of the ancient royal family of Tyre which had been taken captive to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar. He succeeded his brother Merbâl on the throne of his fathers 551 B.C., and reigned as a vassal first of Babylon and then of Persia till 532 B.C.

Μέρβαλος = Merbâl, Latin Maharbal, ‘gift of Baal.’ Aradus (cf. Strabo 753, 754) lay on an island like Tyre and Sidon, next to which it ranked at this time.

Συέννεσις: cf. i. 74. 3 n. According to Aeschylus, Pers. 326-8, he fell with the greatest glory at Salamis.

Κυβερνίσκος. E. Meyer (iii, § 95 n.) reads Κύβερνις Κοσσίκα. The name Κύβερνις appearing on a later inscription (Hicks1 161) and ΚΥΒ on early coins (Six), while Κοσσίκας = Lyc. Cheziga.

Γόργος: king of Salamis (viii. 11), who remained true to Persia when Cyprus revolted (v. 104, 115).

Ἱστιαῖος: no doubt restored to the lordship of Termera (cf. v. 37) after the Ionic revolt.

Δαμασίθυμος: lord of the city Calynda (i. 172. 2; viii. 87. 2). For its site cf. J. H. S. xv. 97.

Two more leaders are mentioned in ch. 195, one Cypriot, the other Carian.

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