Context clues are pieces of information in the words or sentences or illustrations

that help supply the meaning of the word. Just like what you did in picture analysis,
using the pictures or other words, helped you figure out the words.

Let us study the sentence below:

It is not surprising that I have similar qualities with my mother. The apple does not
fall far from the tree.

idiom

Good readers use context clues to understand the meaning of an

unfamiliar and challenging word. There are types of context clues that can
help you figure out the meaning of new words. The common types are the
following:

context clue

CONTEXT
The words, phrases, and sentences surrounding an unfamiliar word.
The context can help you make a guess about a new word or phrase.

Let us study the examples. SYNONYM CLUE

1. Some Japanese built their homes with brick made of sun-dried clay. The
Filipinos also used adobe to build their homes.

SYNONYM UNFAMILIAR WORD ANTONYM

SIMILAR TO THE THE OPPOSITE OF THE
UNFAMILIAR WORD UNFAMILIAR WORD

In the above sentence, adobe is synonym to brick. The signal word ALSO
tells you that they are similar in meaning.
ANTONYM CLUE

2. Most Japanese love to live in single-family houses, but the Filipinos live in
longhouses.
UNFAMILIAR WORD

In the above sentence, the word long houses is the antonym of single-family
houses. The signal word BUT tells you that they are opposite in
meaning.

Use modal verbs, nouns and adverbs appropriately

Modals are auxiliary verbs that are used when we express ability, a certainty,
permission, a request, an offer, suggestion, an advice, a possibility or even
impossibility. These are the words: CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, SHALL, SHOULD,
WILL, WOULD, MUST, OUGH TO.

Examples: I can dance the Tango. (This sentence uses a modal that shows ABILITY of the speaker to
dance.)

CAN + DANCE (This is your MODAL PHRASE.)

What makes up your modal phrase?

CAN COULD BASE OF THE VERB:
MAY MIGHT
SHALL SHOULD
WILL
MUST
WOULD
OUGHT TO
DANCE
One way of knowing the speaker or writer’s opinion on a certain matter is by
looking at the modal he/she used in the sentence. Let’s take a look at these
sentences.

My dad can lift a heavy pail of water. (ABILITY)

The sun will rise from the east. (CERTAINTY)
You should bring an umbrella whenever you go out. (ADVICE)
If I were you, I would stay at home during this pandemic. (ADVICE)
If you asked me, I would say no. (ADVICE)
Tessa, you may leave the room now. (PERMISSION)
Can we go to grandma’s house on Sunday? (REQUEST)
The sky is gray. It looks like it might rain today. (POSSIBILITY)
The whole city is under Enhanced Community Quarantine, travelers can’t enter the
borders. (IMPOSSIBILITY)
* We usually put the negative – NOT after the modal to show impossibility that there
is no way that a thing may happen.

What are collective nouns? These are names for a collection of things, animals or people.

THINGS
a deck of cards
a comb of bananas
a string of pearls
a constellation of stars
a bundle of sticks
a catalogue of prices
a shower of rain

ANIMALS
an army of ants
a flock of birds
a swarm of bees
a herd of cows
a drove of horses
a pack of wolves
a school of fish

PEOPLE
a cast of actors
a panel of judges
a bevy of girls
a patrol of policemen
a class of students
a choir of singers
a troop of scouts
 What are Adverbs?
Adverbs usually express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, and level of
certainty. They answer questions such as how? in what way? when?
where? and to what extent? They usually end in LY such as regularly,
brilliantly, completely and thoroughly.
In today’s lesson, we shall focus on ADVERBS OF INTENSITY.
Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity of something. They are usually
placed before an adjective or another adverb.
For example,
Lila is so pretty. (SO, is your adverb of intensity, it modifies the adjective
PRETTY.) How pretty is Lila? She is SO PRETTY.
Let’s try this one. Look for the verb. What word tells us HOW the verb is
done?
I strongly recommend brisk walking as an exercise.
adverb verb
How did I recommend? I recommended STRONGLY.

INTENSE MODERATE WEAK

ABSOLUTELY, FULLY FAIRLY, ALMOST A BIT, SCARCELY
COMPLETELY, GREATLY QUITE, ENOUGH NOT AT ALL
DEEPLY, INCREDIBLY PRETTY, PRACTICALLY SLIGHTLY
ENORMOUSLY, TERRIBLY RATHER BARELY
EXTREMELY, VERY SOMEWHAT HARDLY

Use Sequence Signals that Indicate Coherence

The underlined words in the comic strip that you have just read are examples of
transition signals.

Transition signals are used to connect or link words, phrases or sentences. They
help the readers understand the connection of ideas presented by the author. In
addition, transitions also tell the reader what to do with the information presented
to them. They function as signs that signals the readers how to think about, organize,
and react to old and new ideas.

Transition signals show cause-effect relationship, condition, sequence of events,

clarification of ideas, and additional information.
Let us take a look at the examples shown in the comic strip:
The word moreover
He uttered a prayer to his favorite signals a piece of
god, he saved his life from the ghost. information added
Moreover, he lifted a club and saved his to the previous
two cows from the thief

The highlighted
word signals First, I will steal the two
The highlighted
the beginning cows, then you may eat
word indicates
of the events. the Brahman.
the next event.

So they disputed, each The highlighted words

crying, “Me first! Me signal that the next
first! As a result, the information shows the
hubbub woke the effect of the action
Brahman. done by characters.
 The racket would most In that case signals that
likely wake the Brahman. the next idea is true if the
In that case, all my idea in the first sentence
trouble would be vain. actually exists or happens.

The highlighted words

signal that the next I am a thief, and my acts are
statement is a detailed cruel.In fact , I am on my way to
information to clarify stealtwo cows from a poor
the first statement. Brahman.

ADDITION SEQUENTIAL CAUSE AND EFFECT CONDITIONAL CLARIFYING

-ALSO -TO BEGIN -AS A RESULT -HOWEVER -FOR INSTANCE
-MOREOVER WITH -BECAUSE -IN THAT CASE -IN FACT
-IN ADDITION -FOR THIS REASON -OTHERWISE
-HENCE -ALTHOUGH
-CONSEQUENTLY
-THUS
Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs in Conveying Emotional Reactions to an Issue

A verb is a word that basically expresses an action. Here are examples of verbs used
in the sentences.

1. Students prepare for their online classes.

2. Mark listens to his teacher during the online class.
3. Most parents bought laptops for their children.

An adjective is a word used to describe a noun or a pronoun. Below are sentences

with underlined adjectives.

1. Everybody is silent inside the room.

2. She has enough money to buy materials for her project.
3. His encouraging advice inspires us to finish schooling.

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. The

underlined words in the sentences below are adverbs.

1. They cheer energetically.

2. The virus spread rapidly in the entire country.
3. She speaks well.

The rainfalls pleasurably excites the children.

She stares at the Math problem in a breathless wonder
A child listened breathlessly to his grandma’s horror story.

What part of speech these highlighted words are? How do these words emphasize in
the sentences?
Correct! The word excites in the first sentenceis a verb.

What does this action word emphasize in the sentence?

The verb excites expresses a state of an emotional response. It is called an emotional
response verb.

Let’s move on to the next sentence? Exactly! The word breathless in the second sentence is an
adjective.

How does the adjective breathless function in the sentence?

This adjective helps express feelings and emotions in order to make the meaning
clear. It is called an “adjective of emotion "

What about the third sentence?

The word breathlessly in the third sentence is an adverb.

How does this adverb emphasize in the sentence?

The adverb here is pertaining to or involving emotion or the emotions. The word
breathlessly in the sentence describes how the emotion has been expressed while
the child is listening to a horror story.

Here are examples for you to understand more the topic. Focus on the highlighted
words. Analyze how these words give emphasis on the emotions expressed by the
author.

1.Sing to me, Autumn, with the rustle of your leaves.

Breathe on me your spicy scents that flow within your breeze.
Dance with me, Autumn, your waltz that bends the boughs of trees.
Patricia L. Cisco, Sing to Me, Autumn

What emotional reaction describes the word scents in line 2?

You are correct! The adjective spicy conveys emotional reactions to the idea.

2. Mitch loves to act on stage. She untiringly practices her scenes.

How is Mitch’s manner of practicing described in the sentence?

What word conveys emotional response in the sentence?

You are correct! The word untiring which is an adverb expresses emotional response
to the issue on practicing.

Do you want more examples? Below are lines from the story “The Aged Mother,” a
Japanese folktale. Find out if the highlighted verbs, adjectives or adverbs convey
emotional responses in the statements.

1) Shinano was governed by a despotic leader who though a warrior, had a great
and cowardly shrinking from anything suggestive of failing health and strength.
This caused him to send out a cruel proclamation. The entire province was given
strict orders to immediately put to death all aged people. Those were barbarous
days, and the custom of abandoning old people to die was not common. The poor
farmer loved his aged mother with tender reverence, and the order filled his heart
with sorrow. But no one ever thought a second time about obeying the mandate
of the governor, so with many deep hopeless sighs, the youth prepared for what
at that time was considered the kindest mode of death.

What part of speech are the words cruel, barbarous, deep and hopeless? Do these
words express emotional reactions in the sentences? What nouns do these highlighted
words describe in order to give emphasis on emotions?

Exactly! These highlighted words are examples of adjectives. Yes, they convey
emotions as they describe the following underlined nouns.

2) The eyes of the old mother were not so dim but that they noted the reckless
hastening from one path to another, and her loving heart grew anxious. Her son
did not know the mountain’s many paths and his return might be one of danger,
so she stretched forth her hand and snapping the twigs from brushes as they
passed, she quietly dropped a handful every few steps of the way so that they
climbed, the narrow path behind them was dotted at frequent intervals with tiny
piles of twigs. At last the summit was reached. Weary and heart sick, the youth
gently released his burden and silently prepared a place of comfort as his last
duty to the loved one. Gathering fallen pine needle, he made a soft cushion and
tenderly lifting his old mother therein, he wrapped her padded coat more closely
about the stooping shoulders and with tearful eyes and an aching heart said
farewell.

What part of speech are the words quietly, gently, silently and tenderly? Do these
words express emotions in the sentences? What nouns do these highlighted words
modify?

You got them right! The highlighted words are adverbs that convey emotional
reactions or responses to the statements. The adverbs modify the underlined words.
Now, let us take a look at the last example below:
.
3) The son’s surprised eyes looked back over the path, then at the poor old,
shriveled hands all scratched and soiled by their work of love. His heart smote him
and bowing to the grounds, he cried aloud: “oh, Honorable mother, thy kindness
thrusts my heart! I will not leave thee. Together we will follow the path of twigs, and
together we will die!”

What part of speech are the words looked and smote? Do these words express
emotions in the sentences? What are the sources of emotions?

You are correct! The highlighted words-looked and smote are verbs that convey
emotional reactions or responses. The underlined words eyes and heart are the
sources of emotions.